Adoption is a social, emotional, and legal process through which children who will not be raised by their birth parents become full, permanent, and legal members of another family. As such, adoption involves the rights of three distinct "triad members": the birth parents, the child, and the adoptive parents. Adoption is also a lifelong process. Ethical issues change over time as children who were adopted become adults and may choose to claim their right to know their genetic and historical identity. It is imperative that professionals working in adoption act ethically to ensure the rights of all the involved parties at all points in the process. In this section, find resources to help guide the professional's ethical practice in all phases of adoption.
Access to Adoption Records
Series Title
State Statutes
Author(s)
Child Welfare Information Gateway
Discusses laws that provide for access to both nonidentifying and identifying information from an adoption record by adoptive parents and adult adoptees. Generally, the person whose information will be disclosed must consent to the disclosure, and methods of providing consent are discussed. Access to the original birth certificate by the adult adoptee also is addressed.
Providing Background Information on Children to Prospective Adoptive Parents
Series Title
Bulletins for Professionals
Author(s)
Child Welfare Information Gateway
This bulletin on providing child background information is designed to assist child welfare professionals who work with families interested in adoption and/or who are about to receive a referral for an adoption placement. It begins by explaining how complete disclosure benefits the child, the family, and the adoption agency by helping families make a fully informed decision; ensures the child being adopted will have full knowledge of his or her family, medical, and genetic history; helps prospective parents understand what supports and services might be needed; and helps agencies protect against wrongful adoption lawsuits. The types of information that should be provided are then reviewed, including material information on the child’s history, a written disclosure of background and health information, acknowledgement of the limitations of disclosure, and information regarding the child or youth’s potential Tribal heritage. Questions to consider about the child's birth family as well as the child's health, placement history, and educational history are listed. Considerations for international adoption are also discussed. The resource includes additional resources and six references.
Responding to Rehoming: Protecting Children & Strengthening Adoptive Families (PDF - 515 KB)
Child Welfare League of America, Center for Adoption Support and Education, Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute, Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption, Donaldson Adoption Institute, North American Council on Adoptable Children, & Voice for Adoption (2015)
Recommends greater protection for adopted children nationwide and increased investments in support services after adoption.
State Adoption Legislation
American Adoption Congress (2020)
Presents adult adoptees' original birth certificate access by State.
The Truth About Intercountry Adoption’s Decline
Jacobs & Flatley (2019)
The Imprint
Outlines reasons international adoptions to the United States and all other receiving countries have declined.
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