| C o m p e n s a t o r y F a c t o r s |
Ontogenetic Level | Microsystem Level | Exosystem Level | Macrosystem Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High IQ Awareness of past abuse History of a positive relationship with one parent Special talents Physical attractiveness Good interpersonal skills |
Healthy children Supportive spouse Economic security/ savings in the bank |
Good social supports Few stressful events Strong, supportive religious affiliation Positive school experiences and peer relations as a child Therapeutic interventions |
Culture that promotes a sense of shared responsibility in caring for the community children Culture opposed to violence Economic prosperity |
|
| R i s k F a c t o r s |
History of abuse Low self-esteem Low IQ Poor interpersonal skills |
Marital discord Children with behavior problems Premature or unhealthy children Single parent Poverty |
Unemployment Isolation; poor social supports Poor peer relations as child |
Cultural acceptance of corporal punishment View of children as possessions Economic depression |
Reprinted with permission from: J. Kaufman and E. Zigler, "The Intergenerational Transmission of Abuse," in D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson, eds., Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).