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Child Neglect: A Guide for Intervention
User Manual Series (1993)

Author(s):  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Gaudin

Year Published:  1993

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You are in section: Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1 - Purpose and Overview 2 - Definition and Scope of Neglect 3 - Impact of Neglect 4 - Risk and Protective Factors 5 - Assessment of Child Neglect 6 - Child Neglect Prevention and… Endnotes Appendix A - Glossary of Terms Appendix B - Resource Listings Appendix C - State Telephone Numbers… Appendix D - Neglect and the Child and…

Notes

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Study of National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect (Washington, DC: DHHS, 1988).
   
   
2. M. Wald, "State Intervention on Behalf of Neglected Children: Standards for Removal of Children from their Homes, Monitoring the Status of Children in Foster Care and Termination of Parental Rights," Stanford Law Review 28(1976):637.
   
   
3. M. Wald, "State Intervention on Behalf of Endangered Children: A Proposed Legal Response," Child Abuse and Neglect 6(1982):11.
   
   
4. I. Wolock and B. Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation Among AFDC-Recipient Families," Social Service Review 53(1979):179-194.
   
   
5. S. J. Zuravin, "Suggestions for Operationally Defining Child Physical Abuse and Physical Neglect," in R. H. Starr and D. A. Wolfe, eds., The Effects of Child Abuse & Neglect (New York: Guilford Press, 1991).
   
   
6. N. A. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 15.
   
   
7. J. Korbin, "Child Abuse and Neglect: The Cultural Context," in R. E. Helfer and R. S. Kempe, eds., The Battered Child, 4th ed., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 23-41.
   
   
8. J. M. Giovannoni and R. M. Becera, Defining Child Abuse (New York: The Free Press, 1979).
   
   
9. N. A. Polansky, P. Ammons, and B. L. Weathersby, "Is There an American Standard of Child Care?" Social Work (1983):341-46.
   
   
10. J. M. Giovannoni and A. Billingsley, "Child Neglect Among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 49(1970):196-204; L. H. Pelton, The Social Context of Child Abuse and Neglect (New York: Human Science Press, 1981); Polansky et al., Damaged Parents; American Association for Protecting Young Children, Highlights of Official Child Neglect and Child Abuse Reporting 1981 (Denver: American Humane Association, 1988); and N. A. Polansky, P. W. Ammons, and J. M. Gaudin, "Loneliness and Isolation in Child Neglect," Social Casework 66(1985):38-47.
    
    
11. Wolock and Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation Among AFDC-Recipient Families," 175-194.
    
    
12. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Study of National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect.
    
    
13. Ibid.
    
    
14. M. A. Jones, Parental Lack of Supervision.
    
    
15. Ibid.
    
    
16. J. Bopp and T. J. Balch, "The Child Abuse Amendments of 1984 and their Implementing Regulations: A Summary of Issues" Law and Medicine 1(1985):129.
    
    
17. D. S. Gomby and P. H. Shiono, "Estimating the Number of Substance-Exposed Infants," The Future of Children 1(1991):21.
    
    
18. D. Kronstadt, "Complex Developmental Issues of Prenatal Drug Exposure," The Future of Children 1(1991):39-41.
    
    
19. R. S. Kempe and R. B. Goldbloom, "Malnutrition and Growth Retardation (Failure to Thrive) in the Context of Child Abuse and Neglect," in R. E. Helfer and C. H. Kempe, eds., The Battered Child, 4th ed., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 312.
    
    
20. C. C. Ayoub and J. S. Milner, "Failure to Thrive: Parental Indicators, Types, and Outcomes," Child Abuse & Neglect 9(1985):491-499.
    
    
21. P. M. Crittenden, "Non-Organic Failure to Thrive: Deprivation or Distortion?" Infant Mental Health Journal 8(1987):51-64; and Kempe and Goldbloom, "Malnutrition and Growth Retardation (Failure to Thrive) in the Context of Child Abuse and Neglect," 312.
    
    
22. K. Nelson, E. Saunders, and M. J. Landsman, Chronic Neglect in Perspective: A Study of Chronically Neglecting Families in a Large Metropolitan County. Final Report. (Oakdale, IA: National Resource Center for Family Based Services, 1990).
    
    
23. U. Bronfenbrenner, The Experimental Ecology of Human Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979); J. Garbarino, "The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment: A Conceptual Model for Research," Journal of Marriage and the Family 39(1977):7221-7235; and J. Belsky, "Child Maltreatment: An Ecological Integration," American Psychologist 4(1980):320-335.
    
    
24. J. Belsky and J. Vondra, "Lessons from Child Abuse: The Determinants of Parenting," in D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson, Child Maltreatment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 153-202.
    
    
25. Ibid., 168.
    
    
26. R. Pianta, B. Egeland, and M. F. Erickson, "The Antecedents of Maltreatment: Results of the Mother-Child Interaction Project," in D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson, Child Maltreatment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 241.
    
    
27. P. M. Crittenden and M. D. S. Ainsworth, "Child Maltreatment and Attachment Theory," in D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson, Child Maltreatment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 432-464.
    
    
28. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents; P. M. Crittenden, "Sibling Interaction: Evidence of a Generational Effect in Maltreating Families," Child Abuse and Neglect 8(1984):433-438; Pianta, Egeland, and Erickson, "The Antecedents of Maltreatment: Results of the Mother-Child Interaction Research Project," 203-253; and B. Egeland and M. Erickson, "Rising Above the Past: Strategies for Helping New Mothers Break the Cycle of Abuse and Neglect," Zero to Three 11(1990):29-35.
    
    
29. B. Egeland, "The Consequences of Physical and Emotional Neglect on the Development of Young Children," Research Symposium on Child Neglect (Washington, DC: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1988).
    
    
30. M. Main and R. Goldwyn, "Predicting Rejection of her Infant from Mother's Representation of Her Own Experience: Implications for the Abused-Abusing Intergenerational Cycle," Child Abuse and Neglect 8(1984):3203-3217.
    
    
31. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents, 151.
    
    
32. Egeland and Erickson, "Rising Above the Past: Strategies for Helping New Mothers Break the Cycle of Abuse and Neglect," 29-35; and J. Kaufman and E. Zigler, "Do Abused Children Become Abusive Parents?," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 56(1987):186-192.
    
    
33. N. Polansky, R. Borgman, and C. DeSaix, Roots of Futility (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1972).
    
    
34. Ibid.
    
    
35. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents, 109.
    
    
36. Ibid., 51.
    
    
37. W. N. Friedrich, J. D. Tyler, and J. A. Clark, "Personality and Psychophysiological Variables in Abusive, Neglectful and Low-Income Control Mothers," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 173(1985):449-460.
    
    
38. Ibid., 457.
    
    
39. Ibid., 459.
    
    
40. J. S. Milner and K. R. Robertson, "Comparison of Physical Child Abusers, Intrafamilial Sexual Child Abusers, and Child Neglecters," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 5(1990):37-48.
    
    
41. M. M. Weissman, E. S. Paykel, and G. L. Klerman, "The Depressed Woman as Mother," Social Psychiatry 7(1972):98-108; and C. Longfellow, P. Zelkowitz, and E. Saunders, "The Quality of Mother-Child Relationships," in D. Belle, ed., Lives in Stress: Women and Depression (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1981), 163-176.
    
    
42. Polansky, Borgman, and DeSaix, Roots of Futility.
    
    
43. A. H. Green et al., "Psychological Assessment of Child-Abusing, Neglecting, and Normal Mothers," The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 168(1980):356-360.
    
    
44. S. J. Zuravin, "Child Abuse, Child Neglect and Maternal Depression: Is there a connection?," in Research Symposium on Child Neglect (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1988), 34.
    
    
45. J. M. Gaudin et al., "Relationships Among Loneliness, Depression and Social Supports In Neglectful Families," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (In Press).
    
    
46. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents, 39.
    
    
47. Polansky, Borgman, and DeSaix, Roots of Futility.
    
    
48. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents, 115.
    
    
49. B. Egeland, "Breaking the Cycle of Abuse: Implications for Prediction and Intervention," in K. Browne, C. Davies, and P. Stratton, eds., Early Prediction and Prevention of Child Abuse (Chichester, England: John Wiley, 1988), 92.
    
    
50. J. Belsky, "Child Maltreatment: An Ecological Integration," American Psychologist 4(1980):320-335.
    
    
51. S. T. Azar et al., "Unrealistic Expectations and Problem-Solving Ability in Maltreating and Comparison Mothers," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 52(1984):687-690.
    
    
52. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents.
    
    
53. J. M. Jones and R. L. McNeely, "Mothers Who Neglect and Those Who Do Not: A Comparative Study," Journal of Contemporary Social Work (1980):559-567; and R. C. Herrenkohl, E. C. Herrenkohl, and B. P. Egolf, "Circumstances Surrounding the Occurrence of Child Maltreatment," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51(1983):424-431.
    
    
54. Azar et al., "Unrealistic Expectations and Problem-Solving Ability in Maltreating and Comparison Mothers," 687-690; and D. T. Larrance and C. T. Twentyman, "Maternal Attributions and Child Abuse," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 92(1983):449-457.
    
    
55. M. J. Martin and J. Walters, "Familial Correlates of Selected Types of Child Abuse and Neglect," Journal of Marriage and the Family (1982):267-276.
    
    
56. National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse (NCPCA), "Substance Abuse and Child Abuse," NCPCA Fact Sheet (Chicago: NCPCA, 1989), 14.
    
    
57. R. Famularo, "Alcoholism and Severe Child Maltreatment," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 53(1986):481-485.
    
    
58. Alcoholism and Child Neglect (Springfield, IL: Illinois Department of Children and Family Services, 1987), 4.
    
    
59. D. Priddy, "A Social Worker's Agony: Working With Children Affected by Crack/Cocaine," Journal of the National Association of Social Workers 35(1990):193-288; and C. Johnston, "The Children of Cocaine Addicts: A Study of Twenty-five Inner City Families," The Social Worker 58(1990):53-56.
    
    
60. Crittenden and Ainsworth, "Child Maltreatment and Attachment Theory"; P. M. Crittenden, "Abusing, Neglectful, Problematic, and Adequate Dyads: Differentiating by Patterns of Interaction," Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 27:1-18; and P. M. Crittenden, "Family and Dyadic Patterns of Functioning in Maltreating Families," in K. Browne, C. Davies, and P. Stratton, eds., Early Prediction and Prevention of Child Abuse (Chichester, England: John Wiley, 1988), 161-189.
    
    
61. Belsky and Vondra, "Lessons from Child Abuse: The Determinants of Parenting," 153-202.
    
    
62. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Study of National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect.
    
    
63. N. A. Polansky et al., "The Absent Father in Child Neglect," Social Service Review (1979):63-74.
    
    
64. R. J. Gagan, J. M. Cupoli, and A. H. Watkins, "The Families of Children Who Fail to Thrive: Preliminary Investigations of Parental Deprivation Among Organic and Non-Organic Cases," Child Abuse and Neglect 8(1984):93-103; and Kempe and Goldbloom, "Malnutrition and Growth Retardation (Failure to Thrive) in the Context of Child Abuse and Neglect."
    
    
65. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents; and N. A. Polansky et al., "The Psychological Ecology of the Neglectful Mother," Child Abuse and Neglect (1985):265-275.
    
    
66. J. M. Giovannoni and A. Billingsley, "Child Neglect Among the Poor: Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," Child Welfare 19(1970):196-204; and Wolock and Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Material Deprivation Among AFDC-Recipient Families," 175-194.
    
    
67. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Study of National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect.
    
    
68. R. L. Burgess and R. D. Conger, "Family Interaction in Abusive, Neglectful, and Normal Families," Child Development 49(1978):1163-1173.
    
    
69. Crittenden, "Abusing, Neglecting, Problematic, and Adequate Dyads: Differentiating by Patterns of Interaction," 210.
    
    
70. P. Crittenden and J. D. Bonvillian, "The Relationship Between Maternal Risk Status and Maternal Sensitivity," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 54(1984):250-62; J. A. Aragona and S. M. Eyeberg, "Neglected Children: Mothers' Report of Child Behavior Problems and Observed Verbal Behavior," Child Development 52(1981):596-602; D. M. Bousha and C. T. Twentyman, "Mother-Child Interaction Style in Abuse, Neglect, and Control Groups," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 93(1984):106-114; and Azar et al., "Unrealistic Expectations and Problem-Solving Ability in Maltreating and Comparison Mothers," 687-690.
    
    
71. Crittenden, "Family and Dyadic Patterns of Functioning in Maltreating Families," 161-189.
    
    
72. Ibid., 173.
    
    
73. Ibid., 175.
    
    
74. American Humane Association, Highlights of Official Child Neglect and Child Abuse Reporting: 1986 (Denver: American Humane Association, 1988), 26-33; and Nelson, Saunders, and Landsman, Chronic Neglect in Perspective: A Study of Chronically Neglecting Families in a Large Metropolitan County, Final Report.
    
    
75. Polansky et al., "The Psychological Ecology of the Neglectful Mother," 265-275; Wolock and Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Maternal Deprivation Among AFDC-Recipient Families," 175-194; J. Garbarino and D. Chairman, "Identifying High Risk Neighborhoods," in J. Garbarino and S. H. Stocking, eds., Protecting Children from Abuse and Neglect (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1980), 94-108; and American Humane Association, Highlights of Official Child Neglect and Child Abuse Reporting: 1986.
    
    
76. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents; Polansky et al., "The Psychological Ecology of the Neglectful Mother," 265-275; and Wolock and Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Maternal Deprivation Among AFDC-Recipient Families," 175-194.
    
    
77. J. M. Gaudin et al., "Remedying Child Neglect: Effectiveness of Social Network Interventions," Journal of Applied Social Sciences 15(1990-1991):97-123; Giovannoni and Billingsley, "Child Neglect Among the Poor: A Study of Parental Adequacy in Families of Three Ethnic Groups," 196-204; and Polansky et al., "The Psychological Ecology of the Neglectful Mother," 265-275.
    
    
78. L. H. Pelton, The Social Context of Child Abuse and Neglect (New York: Human Science Press, 1981); Polansky et al., "The Psychological Ecology of the Neglectful Mother," 265-275; and Wolock and Horowitz, "Child Maltreatment and Maternal Deprivation Among AFDC-Recipient Families," 175-194.
    
    
79. Nelson et al., Chronic Neglect in Perspective: A Study of Chronically Neglecting Families in a Large Metropolitan County.
    
    
80. American Humane Association, Highlights of Official Child Neglect and Child Abuse Reporting: 1986, 33.
    
    
81. A. Kadushin, "Neglect in Families," in E. Nunnally, C. Chilman, and F. Cox, eds., Mental Illness, Delinquency, Addictions and Neglect: Families in Trouble Series, Vol. 4, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988), 156.
    
    
82. J. Garbarino and E. Aaron, "The Significance of Ethnic and Cultural Differences in Child Maltreatment," Journal of Marriage and the Family 15(1983):773-783.
    
    
83. Crittenden and Ainsworth, "Child Maltreatment and Attachment Theory," 432-463; and V. Carlson et al., "Finding Order in Disorganization: Lessons from Research on Maltreated Infants' Attachments to their Caregivers," in D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson, eds., Child Maltreatment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 494-528.
    
    
84. J. L. Aber et al., "The Effects of Maltreatment on Development During Early Childhood: Recent Studies and Their Theoretical, Clinical and Policy Implications," in D. Cicchetti and V. Carlson, eds., Child Maltreatment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 579-619.
    
    
85. Ibid.
    
    
86. D. Hoffman-Plotkin and C. Twentyman, "A Multimodel Assessment of Behavioral and Cognitive deficits in Abused and Neglected Preschoolers," Child Development 55(1984):794-802.
    
    
87. Egeland, "The Consequences of Physical and Emotional Neglect on the Development of Young Children," D-14.
    
    
88. Ibid., 14-15.
    
    
89. C. Howes and M. P. Espinoza, "The Consequences of Child Abuse for the Formation of Relationship with Peers," Child Abuse and Neglect 9(1985):397-404.
    
    
90. Aber et al., "The Effects of Maltreatment on Development During Early Childhood: Recent Studies and Their Theoretical, Clinical and Policy Implications," 579-619.
    
    
91. Egeland, "The Consequences of Physical and Emotional Neglect on the Development of Young Children," D-14-D-15.
    
    
92. Ibid., D-16-D-17.
    
    
93. J. S. Wodarski et al., "Maltreatment and the School-Age Child: Major Academic, Socioemotional and Adaptive Outcomes," Social Work 35(1990):506-513; and J. Eckenrode, M. Laird, and J. Doris, Maltreatment and the Academic and Social Adjustment of School Children: Final Report (Ithaca, NY: Family Life Development Center, Cornell University, 1990), 40, 55.
    
    
94. P. M. Crittenden, "Teaching Maltreated Children in Preschool," Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 9(1989):2; A. Frodi and J. Smetana, "Abused, Neglected and Nonmaltreated Preschoolers' Ability to Disseminate Emotions in Others: The Effects of IQ," Child Abuse and Neglect 8(1984):459-465; and P. T. Howing et al., "The Empirical Base for the Implementation of a Social Skills Training with Maltreated Children," Social Work 35(1990):460-467.
    
    
95. Wodarski et al., "Maltreatment and the School-Age Child: Major Academic Socioemotional and Adaptive Outcomes."

96. Aber et al., "The Effects of Maltreatment on Development During Early Childhood," 579-619.
    
    
97. C. M. Mouzakitis, "An Inquiry into the Problem of Child Abuse and Juvenile Delinquency," in R. J. Honner and Y. E. Walker, eds., Exploring the Relationships Between Child Abuse and Delinquency (Montclair, NJ: Allanheld, Osmon & Co., 1981), 175-219; and L. B. Silver, C. C. Dubin, and R. S. Lourie, "Does Violence Breed Violence? Contributions from a Study of the Child Abuse Syndrome," American Journal of Psychiatry 126(1969):404-407.
    
    
98. J. D. Alfaro, "Report on the Relationship Between Child Abuse and Neglect and Later Socially Deviant Behavior," in R. J. Hunner and Y. E. Walker, eds., Exploring the Relationship Between Child Abuse and Delinquency (Montclair, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983), 191.
    
    
99. C. S. Widom, "Child Abuse, Neglect, and Violent Criminal Behavior," Criminology 1(1989):251-271.
    
    
100. P. T. Howing et al., "Child Abuse and Delinquency, The Empirical and Theoretical Links," Social Work 35(1990):244-249.
     
     
101. C. S. Widom, "Avoidance of Criminality in Abused and Neglected Children," Psychiatry 54(May 1991):162-174.
     
     
102. D. P. Kurtz et al., "The Consequences of Physical Abuse and Neglect on the School Age Child: Mediating Factors," Children and Youth Services Review (In Press).
     
     
103. M. Augoustinos, "Developmental Effects of Child Abuse: Recent Findings," Child Abuse and Neglect 11(1987):15-27.
     
     
104. American Humane Association, Highlights of Official Child Neglect and Child Abuse Reporting: 1986, 24.
     
     
105. L. Margolin, "Fatal Child Neglect," Child Welfare 69(1990):309-319.
     
     
106. Ibid., 318.
     
     
107. J. D. Alfaro, Studying Child Maltreatment Fatalities: A Synthesis of Nine Projects (Unpublished Monograph, 1987).
     
     
108. Ibid., 44.
     
     
109. D. English and P. Pecora, An Approach to Strength and Risk Assessment with Multi-Cultural Guidelines (Seattle, WA: Department of Social and Health Services, Children's Services Research Project, 1992).
     
     
110. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents; and N. A. Polansky, "Determinants of Loneliness Among Neglectful and Other Low-Income Mothers," Journal of Social Service Research 8(1985):1-15.
     
     
111. Videka-Chairman, "Intervention for Child Neglect: The Empirical Knowledge Base," in Research Symposium on Child Neglect (Washington, DC: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1988), 60-61.
     
     
112. Gaudin et al., "Remedying Child Neglect: Effectiveness of Social Network Interventions," 97-123.
     
     
113. E. W. Lynch and M. J. Hanson, eds., Developing Cross-Cultural Competence (Baltimore: Paul Brooks Publishing, 1992).
     
     
114. W. Willis, "Families with African-American Roots," in E. W. Lynch and M. J. Johnson, eds., Developing Cross-Cultural Competence (Baltimore: Paul Brooks Publishing, 1992), 121-150; and C. Stack, All Our Kin (New York: Harper & Row, 1974).
     
     
115. Ibid.
     
     
116. . Ibid.
     
     
117. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents.
     
     
118. N. A. Polansky et al. "Assessing the Adequacy of Child Caring: An Urban Scale," Child Welfare 57(1978):439-449.
     
     
119. Gaudin et al., "Remedying Child Neglect: Effectiveness of Social Network Interventions," 97-123.
     
     
120. S. Magura and B. S. Moses, Outcome Measures for Child Welfare Services (New York: Child Welfare League of America, 1986).
     
     
121. J. M. Gaudin, N. A. Polansky, and A. C. Kilpatrick, "The Child Well Being Scales: A Field Trial," Child Welfare 61(1992):319-328.
     
     
122. B. M. Caldwell and R. H. Bradley, Administration Manual, Revised Edition: Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (Little Rock: University of Arkansas, 1984).
     
     
123. M. Watson-Perczel et al., "Assessment and Modification of Home Cleanliness Among Families Adjudicated for Child Neglect," Behavior Modification 12(1988):57-81.
     
     
124. J. R. Lutzker, "Behavioral Treatment of Child Neglect," Behavior Modification 14(1990):310.
     
     
125. Ibid., 312.
     
     
126. D. A. Tertinger, B. F. Green, and J. R. Lutzer, "Home Safety: Development and Validation of One Component of an Ecobehavior Treatment Program for Abused and Neglected Children," Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 17(1984):159-174.
     
     
127. Hartman, "Diagrammatic Assessments of Family Relationships," in B. Compton and B. Galaway, eds., Social Work Processes, 3rd ed., (Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1984), 377-81.
     
     
128. E. M. Tracy and J. K. Whittaker, "The Social Network Map: Assessing Social Support in Clinical Practice," Families in Society (In Press); E. M. Tracy, "Identifying Social Support Resources of At-Risk Families," Social Work 35(1990):252-258; and Gaudin et al., "Remedying Child Neglect: Effectiveness of Social Network Interventions," 97-123.
     
     
129. Burgess and Conger, "Family Interaction in Abusive, Neglectful and Normal Families," 1163-1173; Crittenden, "Abusing, Neglecting, Problematic, and Adequate Dyads: Differentiating by Patterns of Interaction"; Bousha and Twentyman, "Mother-Child Interactional Style in Abuse, Neglect, and Control Groups," 106-114.
     
     
130. Crittenden, "Family and Dyadic Patterns of Functioning in Maltreating Families," 165.
     
     
131. Ibid., 165.
     
     
132. S. C. Baird and D. Neufeldt, "Assessing Potential for Abuse and Neglect," National Council on Crime and Delinquency Focus (1988):1-7.
     
     
133. Crittenden, "Family and Dyadic Patterns of Functioning in Maltreating Families," 165.
     
     
134. M. S. Wald, "Risk Assessment: The Emperor's New Clothes?" Child Welfare 69(1990):483-511.
     
     
135. Ibid., 498.
     
     
136. D. English and P. Pecora, An Approach to Strength and Risk Assessment with Multi-Cultural Guidelines (Seattle, WA: Department of Social & Health Services, Children's Services Research Project, Management Services Division, 1992).
     
     
137. Nelson, Saunders, and Landsman, Chronic Neglect in Perspective: A Study of Chronically Neglecting Families in a Large Metropolitan County.
     
     
138. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents, 37-43.
     
     
139. J. K. Holtin, Black Families and Child Abuse Prevention: An African American Perspective and Approach, Working Paper No. 852, (Chicago: National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse, 1990).
     
     
140. S. Fraiburg, E. Adelson, and L. V. Shapiro, "Ghosts in the nursery: A psychoanalytic approach to problems of impaired infant-mother relationships," Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 14(1970):387-421.
     
     
141. D. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse (New York: Free Press, 1988), 106-107.
     
     
142. Ibid., 108-122; A. H. Cohn and D. Daro, "Is Treatment Too Late: What Ten Years of Evaluative Research Tell Us," Child Abuse and Neglect 11(1987):433-442; A. H. Cohn, "Essential Elements of Successful Child Abuse and Neglect Treatment," Child Abuse and Neglect (1979):491-496; and Videka-Chairman, "Intervention for Child Neglect: The Empirical Knowledge Base," 60-61.
     
     
143. J. R. Lutzker, R. E. Frame, and J. M. Rice, "Project 12-Ways: An Ecobehavioral Approach to the Treatment and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect," Education and Treatment of Children, 5(1982):141-156.
     
     
144. G. B. Mugridge, "Reducing Chronic Neglect," paper presented at Ninth National Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect (Denver: September 1991).
     
     
145. . M. Sullivan, M. Spasser, and G. L. Penner, The Bowen Center Project for Abuse and Neglected Children (Washington, DC: Public Services Administration, Office of Human Development, 1977).
     
     
146. M. Andreini, "Chronic Neglect: Diagnosis and Treatment," paper presented at the Eighth International Congress on Child Abuse and Neglect (Hamburg, Germany: September 1990).
     
     
147. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 110.
     
     
148. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents, 196-197.
     
     
149. S. Bavolek and C. M. Comstock, The Nurturing Program for Parents and Children (Eau Claire, WI: Family Development Associates, 1983).
     
     
150. P. Rozansky and P. M. Chambers, Final Report: Project TIME for Parents (Washington, DC: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1982).
     
     
151. J. Kinney et al., "The HOMEBUILDERS Model," in E. M. Tracy et al., eds., Intensive Family Preservation Services: An Instructional Source Book (Cleveland, OH: Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, 1991), 15-49.
     
     
152. K. E. Nelson, J. J. Landsman, and W. Deutelbaum, "Three Models of Family-Centered Placement Preventive Services," Child Welfare 69(1990):3-21.
     
     
153. Ibid., 7.
     
     
154. E. C. Hinckley, "Homebuilders: The Maine Experience," Children Today (September 13, 1984):14-17.
     
     
155. Nelson, Landsman, and Deutelbaum, "Three Models of Family-Centered Placement Preventive Services," 8-9.
     
     
156. S. Maybanks and M. Bryce, Home-Based Services for Children and Families: Policy, Practice and Research (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1979).
     
     
157. Y. T. Yuan and D. L. Struckman-Johnson, "Placement Outcomes for Neglected Children with Prior Placements in Family Preservation Programs," in M. Kathleen Wells and David E. Bigel, eds., Family Preservation Services: Research and Evaluation (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991), 92-118.
     
     
158. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 109; and Cohn, "Essential Elements of Successful Child Abuse and Neglect Treatment," 493-494.
     
     
159. Ibid., 493.
     
     
160. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 111.
     
     
161. Gaudin et al., "Remedying Child Neglect: Effectiveness of Social Network Interventions," 97-123.
     
     
162. J. Aderman and T. Russell, "A Constructivist Approach to Working with Abusive and Neglectful Parents," Family Systems Medicine 8(1990):241-250.
     
     
163. M. J. Landsman et al., The Self-Sufficiency Project: Final Report (Iowa City, IA: National Resource Center in Family Based Services, 1992).
     
     
164. S. Bavolek and C. M. Comstock, The Nurturing Program for Parents and Children (Park City, UT: Family Resources Development, Inc., 1983).
     
     
165. Gaudin et al., "Remedying Child Neglect: Effectiveness of Social Network Interventions," 97-123.
     
     
166. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 111.
     
     
167. Sullivan, Spasser, and Penner, The Bowen Center Project for Abused and Neglected Children; and Lutzker, Frame, and Rice, "Project 12-Ways: An Ecobehavioral Approach to the Treatment and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect," 141-155.
     
     
168. Videka-Chairman, "Intervention for Child Neglect: The Empirical Knowledge Base," 54-59.
     
     
169. Bavolek and Comstock, The Nurturing Program for Parents and Children; and The Small Wonder Kit (Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services, 1982).
     
     
170. Lutzker, "Behavioral Treatment of Child Neglect," 312.
     
     
171. P. T. Howing et al., "Effective Interventions to Ameliorate the Incidence of Child Maltreatment: The Empirical Base," Social Work 34(1989):331.
     
     
172. A. Edgington and M. Hall, "Dallas Children and Youth Project Child Neglect Demonstration Grant," NCCAN Grant #90-C-1688, (Dallas: University of Texas Health Services Center, 1982), 27.
     
     
173. Videka-Chairman, "Intervention for Child Neglect: The Empirical Knowledge Base," 59.
     
     
174. Kinney et al., "The HOMEBUILDERS Model," 15-49.
     
     
175. Gaudin et al., "Remedying Child Neglect: Effectiveness of Social Network Interventions," 97-123.
     
     
176. Polansky et al., "The Psychological Ecology of the Neglectful Mother," 265-275; and Crittenden, "Family and Dyadic Patterns or Functioning in Maltreating Families," 161-189.
     
     
177. Gaudin et al., "Remedying Child Neglect: Effectiveness of Social Network Interventions," 103-105.
     
     
178. Ibid., 97-123; Cohn, "Essential Elements of Successful Child Abuse and Neglect Treatment," 491-496; and Cohn and Daro, "Is Treatment Too Late: What Ten Years of Evaluative Research Tell Us," 433-442.
     
     
179. Videka-Chairman, "Intervention for Child Neglect: The Empirical Knowledge Base," 54-59; and K. Miller et al., "A Parent-Aide Program: Record-Keeping, Outcomes and Costs," Child Welfare 64(985):407-419.
     
     
180. H. Yahraes, Teaching Mothers Mothering (Rockville, MD: National Institutes of Mental Health, 1977).
     
     
181. Cohn and Daro, "Is Treatment Too Late: What Ten Years of Evaluative Research Tell Us," 437.
     
     
182. Ibid., 439.
     
     
183. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 112-121.
     
     
184. Howing et al., "The Empirical Base for the Implementation of a Social Skills Training with Maltreated Children," 460-467.
     
     
185. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 115.
     
     
186. Berkeley Planning Associates, Therapeutic Child Care: Approaches to Remediating the Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect: Evaluation of the Clinical Demonstration Prospects on Child Abuse and Neglect, Report prepared for the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, (February 1982).
     
     
187. Wodarski et al., "Maltreatment and the School-Age Child: Major Academic, Socioemotional and Adaptive Outcomes," 506-513.
     
     
188. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 114.
     
     
189. M. S. Steward et al., "Group Therapy: A Treatment of Choice for Young Victims of Child Abuse," International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 36(2):261-277.
     
     
190. U.S. Congress, Senate Subcommittee on Human Resources, Hearings, Washington, DC, 1990.
     
     
191. M.S. Wald "State Intervention on Behalf of Neglected Children: Standards for Removal," (1976):636-706.
     
     
192. U.S. Congress, Child Welfare Act of 1980 (P. L. 96-272).
     
     
193. D. English and S. W. Aubin, "Outcomes for Screened-Out and Low Risk Cases Within a Child Protective Services (CPS) Risk Assessment System," paper presented at Fourth National Roundtable on CPS Risk Assessment, San Francisco, August 1990, 3.
     
     
194. J. C. Harris and B. E. Bernstein, "The Lawyer and Social Worker As A Team: Preparing for Trial in Neglect Cases," Child Welfare 59(1980):469-477.
     
     
195. Polansky et al., Damaged Parents, 40.
     
     
196. J. Arches, "Social Structure, Burnout, and Job Satisfaction," Social Work 36(1991):202-206.
     
     
197. C. Shannon and D. Saleebey, "Training Child Welfare Workers to Cope with Burnout," Child Welfare 59(1980):463-468.
     
     
198. Arches, "Social Structure, Burnout and Job Satisfaction," 202-206.
     
     
199. M. C. Raider, "Burnout in Children's Agencies," Residential Treatment for Children and Youth 6(1989):48.
     
     
200. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Study of National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect, 5-43.
     
     
201. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives Select Committee on Children, Youth and Families, Current Conditions and Recent Trends, 1989, (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1989), 109.
     
     
202. B. Brown, ed., Found: Long Term Gains from Early Intervention (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1978).
     
     
203. L. J. Schweinhart and D. P. Weikart, "The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study: Implications for Early Childhood Care and Education," in R. P. Lorion, ed., Protecting the Children: Strategies for Optimizing Emotional and Behavioral Development, Prevention in Human Services 7(1990):111-132.
     
     
204. D. L. Johnson, "The Houston Parent-Child Development Project: Dissemination a Viable Program for Enhancing At-Risk Families," in R. P. Lorion, ed., Protecting the Children: Strategies for Optimizing Emotional and Behavioral Development, Prevention in Human Services 7(1990):89-108.
     
     
205. C. T. Ramey et al., "Early Intervention for High-Risk Children: The Carolina Early Intervention Program," in R. P. Lorion, ed., Protecting the Children: Strategies for Optimizing Emotional and Behavioral Development, Prevention in Human Services 7(1990):33-58.
     
     
206. Schweinhart and Weikart, "The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study: Implications for Early Childhood Care and Education," 115.
     
     
207. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 66.
     
     
208. D. Olds et al., "Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect: A Randomized Triology Nurse Home Visitation," Pediatrics 78(1986):65-78.
     
     
209. L. Fuddy, "Hawaii's Healthy Start Successful in Preventing Child Abuse," paper presented at Ninth International Congress on Child Abuse and Neglect, Chicago 1992.
     
     
210. J. Gray and B. Kaplan, "The Lay Health Visitor Program: An Eighteen-Month Experience," in C. H. Kempe and R. E. Helfer, eds., The Battered Child, 3d. ed., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 373-378; R. Helfer, "An Overview of Prevention," in R. E. Helfer and R. S. Kempe, eds., The Battered Child, 4th ed., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 428-429; and C. Steele and S. Wood, First Steps Operational Manual (Atlanta: Georgia Council on Child Abuse, 1991).
     
     
211. Egeland and Erickson, "Rising Above the Past: Strategies for Helping New Mothers Break the Cycle of Abuse and Neglect," 29-35.
     
     
212. Gaudin et al., "Remedying Child Neglect: Effectiveness of Social Network Interventions," 97-123; and J. M. Gaudin and P. D. Kurtz, "Parenting Skills Training for Child Abusers," Journal of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama 36(1985):35-54.
     
     
213. R. F. Dangel and R. A. Polster, "WINNING! A Systematic Empirical Approach to Parent Training," in R. A. Polster and R. F. Dangel, eds., Parent Training: Foundations of Research and Practice (New York: Guilford Press, 1984).
     
     
214. Bavolek and Comstock, The Nurturing Program for Parents and Children.
     
     
215. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 133.
     
     
216. The Small Wonder Kit.
     
     
217. M. A. Feldman et al., "Parent Education Project II: Increasing Stimulating Interactions of Developmentally and Handicapped Mothers," Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 19(1986):23-37.
     
     
218. Gaudin et al., "Remedying Child Neglect: Effectiveness of Social Network Interventions," 97-123.
     
     
219. H. Adamakos, K. Ryan, and D. G. Ullman, "Maternal Social Support as a Predictor of Mother-Child Stress and Stimulation," Child Abuse and Neglect 10(1986):463-470.
     
     
220. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 112.
     
     
221. Cohn and Daro, "Is Treatment Too Late: What Ten Years of Evaluation Research Tell Us," 433-442.
     
     
222. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 127.
     
     
223. A. Kahn, Social Policy and Social Services, 2d. ed., (New York: Random House, 1979), 75-76.
     
     
224. Children's Defense Fund, The State of America's Children: 1991 (Washington, DC.: Children's Defense Fund, 1991), 56.
     
     
225. G. M. Gazda, W. C. Childers, and D. K. Brooks, Foundations of Counseling and Human Services (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), 133-244.
     
     
226. S. J. Zuravin, "Child Abuse, Child Neglect and Maternal Depression: Is There a Connection?" in Research Symposium on Child Neglect (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1988), D-34.
     
     
227. Wodarski et al., "Maltreatment and the School-Age Child: Major Academic, Socioemotional and Adaptive Outcomes," 506-513.
     
     
228. J. Knitzer, Unclaimed Children: The Failure of Public Responsibility to Children and Adolescents in Need of Mental Health Service (Washington, DC, Children's Defense Fund, 1982).
     
     
229. Ibid., 50-51.
     
     
230. Ibid., 34.
     
     
231. Daro, Confronting Child Abuse, 132; E. Gray, "Early Parenting Intervention to Prevent Child Abuse: A Meta-Analysis: Executive Summary," paper presented at Research Grantees Meeting, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Washington, DC, March 1991.

You are in section: Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1 - Purpose and Overview 2 - Definition and Scope of Neglect 3 - Impact of Neglect 4 - Risk and Protective Factors 5 - Assessment of Child Neglect 6 - Child Neglect Prevention and… Endnotes Appendix A - Glossary of Terms Appendix B - Resource Listings Appendix C - State Telephone Numbers… Appendix D - Neglect and the Child and…

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Updated on October 9, 2009