Exhibit 9-2
Selected Treatment and Intervention Services
| Service |
Focus |
Population |
Research |
Reference Information |
| Services for Children and Adolescents |
| Art Therapy |
To use art to help children deal with feelings of victimization, loss, and separation. Used for assessment and treatment. |
Abused children |
Generally supported in clinical literature and practice, yet no controlled studies of its efficacy at time of writing. |
Literature review and supporting information are available.98 |
| Cognitive Processing Therapy |
Through cognitive restructuring, provides relief of symptoms arising from exposure to traumatic events. |
Children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or related depression |
Research indicates positive results.99 |
Treatment manual, guidelines, and supporting information are available.100 |
| Early Childhood Programs |
To provide children with respite from a stressful home situation by giving them clear structure and opportunities to interact with positive adult role models in a safe childcare setting. |
Abused and at-risk children |
When provided in conjunction with other appropriate services, research indicates positive results.101 |
Supporting information is available. |
| Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing |
To integrate a range of therapeutic approaches in combination with eye movement stimulation to affect cognitive processes and resolve therapeutic issues at a faster rate. |
Traumatized children or adolescents |
When provided in conjunction with other appropriate services, research indicates positive results.102 |
Guidelines, protocols, training, and supporting information are available.103 |
| Family Foster Care and Kinship Care |
To provide a safe, supportive environment through out-of-home placement while working toward family reunification or permanent placement. |
Children and adolescents who have been abused or are at high risk for further maltreatment. |
Some research indicates positive results of kinship care; while others suggest concerns about the availability of fewer services to these families.104 |
Supporting information is available.105 |
| Resilient Peer Training Intervention |
School-based service designed to enhance the social competencies of vulnerable children through interactions with resilient peers and supportive adults. |
Abused and at-risk children |
Research indicates positive results.106 |
Guidelines and supporting information are available.107 |
| Sex Offender Treatment for Adolescents |
To change beliefs and attributions that support sex abuse, improve reactions to negative emotions, enhance behavioral risk management, and promote pro-social behaviors. |
Adolescent sex offenders |
Some research suggests promising results, yet there is no clear evidence.108 |
Treatment manuals and supporting information are available.109 |
| Supportive Services |
To provide assistance, guidance, and positive role models. May include services provided by Big Brothers, Big Sisters, YMCA, Foster Grandparents, and faith- and community-based groups. |
Abused and at-risk children |
Generally supported in research and practice, yet empirical evidence of efficacy has varied.110 |
Supporting information is available.111 |
| Trauma-focused Play Therapy |
To use play to enable abused children to express overwhelming emotions and thoughts. Used for both assessment and treatment. |
Abused children |
Generally supported in clinical literature and practice, yet no controlled studies of its efficacy. Review of literature suggests positive results.112 |
Guidelines and supporting information are available.113 |
| Treatment Foster Care |
To provide therapeutic services to children within the private homes of trained families. Serves as a less restrictive, family-based alternative to residential or institutional care. |
Children and adolescents with significant behavioral, emotional, and mental health problems |
Research indicates positive results.114 |
Supporting information is available.115 |
| Services for Parents |
| Adult Child Molester Treatment |
To address harmful thinking and behaviors that led offenders to sexually abuse by replacing them with appropriate thoughts and choices. |
Adult sex offenders |
Research indicates positive results.116 |
Supporting information is available.117 |
| Focused Treatment Interventions |
To increase child safety, reduce risk, identify and build family strengths, and clarify responsibility in child maltreatment cases using a multidisciplinary approach. |
Families that have experienced abuse |
Initial research suggests positive results.118 |
Guidelines and supporting information are available.119 |
| Focus on Families |
To decrease drug use and enhance parenting skills. Sessions address relapse, family management, and promoting children's success in school. |
Maltreating, substance abusing parents |
Research indicates positive results.120 |
Training curriculum is available.121 |
| Parent-Child Education Program for Physically Abusive Parents |
To establish positive parent-child interactions and child rearing methods that are responsive to situational and developmental changes. |
Physically abusive parents |
Research indicates positive results.122 |
Guidelines and treatment manuals are available.123 |
| Parents Anonymous, Inc. |
To provide opportunities to strengthen parenting skills through mutual support, shared leadership, and personal growth in groups co-led by parents and trained facilitators. |
At-risk and abusive parents |
Generally supported in clinical literature and practice, yet no controlled studies of its efficacy. Limited research supports positive results.124 |
Guidelines, facilitation manual, and supporting information are available.125 |
| Services for Parents and Children |
| Attachment-Trauma Therapy |
To create a secure primary attachment relationship for child and caregiver by increasing communication and building trust. |
Caregivers and children |
Generally supported in clinical literature and practice, yet no controlled studies of its efficacy. |
Guidelines and treatment manual are available.126 |
| Behavioral Parent Training Interventions for Conduct-Disordered Children |
To teach parents specific skills regarding child-focused behavioral interventions to minimize coercive interactions between parent and child. |
Children with conduct disorders and their families |
Research indicates positive results.127 |
Guidelines and supporting information are available.128 |
| Cognitive- Behavioral and Dynamic Play Therapy |
To help children gain insight into their needs and behaviors, and educate parents on age-appropriate sexual behavior through behavior modification techniques. |
Sexually abused children ages 6 to 12 with sexual behavior problems and their parents |
Generally supported in clinical literature and practice, yet no controlled studies of its efficacy. |
Guidelines, treatment manual, and supporting information are available.129 |
| Family Preservation Services |
To allow children to remain safely in their own homes by building on family strengths and reducing family deficits through frequent individualized services. |
Families in crisis or with chronic problems |
Most evaluations of family preservation services have focused on intensive family preservation services (see below). |
Supporting information is available.130 |
| Family Resolution Therapy |
To develop long-term resolution for family relationships, which may range from full-family reunification to termination of parent-child contacts. Concerned with the latter stages of treatment process. |
Families where sexual or physical abuse has occurred, and where professional intervention with family is complete |
Generally supported in clinical literature and practice, yet no controlled studies of its efficacy. |
Guidelines and supporting information are available.131 |
| Intensive Family Preservation Services |
To prevent out-of-home placement and reduce the risk of child maltreatment by changing behaviors and increasing skills through intensive, time-limited, and comprehensive services. |
Families whose children have been identified at risk for placement |
Research varies regarding the effectiveness of this intervention.132 |
Supporting information is available.133 |
| Physical Abuse-focused, Cognitive-behavioral Treatment for Individual Child and Parent |
To address beliefs about abuse and violence and improve skills to enhance emotional control and reduce violent behavior. Children and parents work with separate therapists for 12 to 16 sessions. |
Physically abusive parents and their children |
Research indicates positive results.134 |
Supporting information is available.135 |
| Integrative Developmental Model for Treatment of Dissociative Symptomatology |
To address dissociative behavior by teaching the child and parents alternative communication strategies and by helping the family learn new interactive patterns. |
Children with dissociative symptoms and their families |
Generally supported in clinical literature and practice, yet no controlled studies of its efficacy. |
Guidelines, treatment manual, and supporting information are available.136 |
| Multisystemic Therapy |
To assess the "fit" between identified problems and broader systemic issues, and implement a tailored, action-oriented intervention. |
Maltreated children and their families |
Research indicates positive results.137 |
Supporting information is available.138 |
| Nurturing Parenting Programs |
To teach nurturing skills and discipline while reinforcing positive family values. Programs are available for different target populations based on child's age, family's culture, and special needs. |
Families at risk of physical abuse or neglect. |
Research indicates positive results.139 |
Training manual is available.140 |
| Parent-Child Interaction Therapy |
To improve the quality of the parent-child relationship by decreasing child behavior problems and increasing positive parent behaviors. |
Children ages 2 to 8 years and their parents |
Research indicates positive results.141 |
Treatment manual and supporting information are available.142 |
| Parents United: Child Sexual Abuse Treatment Program |
To offer clinical and support services to individuals affected by sexual abuse through group sessions. |
Victims, offenders, adults molested as children, and their support persons |
Generally supported in clinical literature and practice, yet no controlled studies of its efficacy. |
Guidelines, treatment manual, and supporting information are available.143 |
| Physical Abuse-informed Family Therapy |
To promote cooperation, develop shared views about the value of non-coercive interaction, and increase skills of family members. |
Physically abusive parents and their children |
Research indicates positive results.144 |
Guidelines and supporting information are available.145 |
| Project 12-Ways |
To deliver 12 services, including parent-child training, stress reduction for parents, basic skill training for children, money management training, behavior management, problem solving, and marital counseling. |
Families who have experienced abuse or neglect, or are at risk |
Initial research studies suggest positive results; however, potential for replication is unclear.146 |
Supporting information is available.147 |
| Strengthening Families Program |
To strengthen family attachment while addressing substance abuse. Interventions consist of parent training, social and life skills training for children, and family practice sessions. |
Families who are at risk of substance abuse |
Research indicates positive results.148 |
Supporting information is available.149 |
| Strengthening Multiethnic Families and Communities |
To decrease risk factors related to violence through a training program with five components: cultural or spiritual, enhancing relationships, positive discipline, rites of passage, and community involvement. |
Parents of children ages 3 to 18 from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds |
Research indicates positive results.150 |
Training manual is available.151 |
| Therapeutic Child Development Program |
To provide children with a consistent, safe, monitored environment, while also providing parents with educational and support services. |
Abused preschool children and their parents |
Research indicates positive results.152 |
Guidelines and supporting information are available.153 |
| Trauma-focused, Cognitive-behavioral Therapy |
To reduce children's negative emotional and behavioral responses and correct maladaptive beliefs related to abusive experiences. Used in individual, family, and group therapy, and in office-based and school-based settings. |
Sexually abused children and individuals exposed to other traumatic events |
Research indicates positive results.154 |
Guidelines, treatment manual, and supporting information are available.155 |
| Trauma-focused, Integrative-eclectic Therapy |
To increase safety in the home, enhance the quality of the parent-child relationship, and assist children and teenagers by addressing issues of shame and self-blame. |
Abused children, their parents, or families |
Generally supported in clinical literature and practice, yet no controlled studies of its efficacy. |
Guidelines, treatment manual, and supporting information are available.156 |