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Adoption - Results (44 Publications)

Title: The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: This book is designed to acquaint prospective and new adoptive parents with options and issues surrounding the early steps of the adoption journey, provide awareness and knowledge on the needs of adopted children, and offer direction to parents facing issues that arise during childhood and adolescence. Part 1 of the book discusses the unique challenges adoptive parents must face, the steps in the adoption process, navigating intercountry adoption, transcultural adoption, critical success factors for building healthy adoptive families, and preparing biological children, families, and friends for adoption. Part 2 of the book explores barriers to adjustment and strategies to ease the transition of a child into an adoptive family. Chapter 8 describes attachment, development, and the impact of trauma, and Chapter 9 reviews information on the terminology and diagnosis of attachment disorder. Parenting strategies are recommended for helping children with attachment disorder. Part 3 considers how children feel about adoption at different developmental stages, how parents feel about adoption, and techniques for talking to children about adoption. The final part of the text addresses issues facing adopted adolescents. Chapter 12 discusses how parents can identify and help teens resolve issues of loss, identity, control, abandonment, permanency, and gratitude. Final chapters explore why adopted children seek their roots and how parents can respond, and strategies for creating a nurturing family. Chapters close with questions for small group discussions. Numerous references.

Title: Making Room in the Family: Unique Challenges Adoptive Parents Must Face. (Chapter 1 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: This chapter begins by providing a list of questions prospective adoption parents should consider when deciding to adopt. Reasons for adoption are then reviewed, as well as the unique tasks of adoptive parenting. Tasks include: learning the delicate balance between denying the difference in the nurturing process and acknowledging it by communicating to the child about his or her past, developing an environment that communicates belonging, finding out about a child's genetic potential and history, and facing feelings about birthfamilies and cultural and racial ties. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 4 references.

Title: Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: This book follows five internationally adopted children to illustrate how the world of a new family appears to an internationally adopted child, the challenges such a child faces in adjusting, and the tools and strategies parents can use to help adopted children meet these challenges. The examples of behavioral and parent-child interaction are drawn from families who have participated in an education and support group for internationally adopted families. The first part of the text defines core concepts and issues, including survival, coping, and adjustment behaviors, and the psychological issues of identity, separation, and emotional/behavioral control that appear in early childhood. The second part of the book describes and explains behavioral patterns and issues that play out as the children mature and how parents can adjust their proactive parenting strategies to older children and teens. Chapters address key parenting strategies, including: providing a framework for fragmented memories; understanding cultural and ethnic identity for young children; engaging in connection activities and games; strategies to teach and maintain eye contact and face-to-face interaction; joyful play, language, and connection; understanding sleep problems and sleep development; teaching a child to self-soothe; sensory-motor integration and stimulation management; making rules and limits work; repairing disconnection between child and parent; encouraging adjustment and interdependence; and structuring transitions, separations, and work/life decisions. The final part traces child development and specific adoption issues that are raised from 3-5, 6-9, 10-12, and in the teen years. 68 references.

Title: Transcultural Adoption: Blending Different Worlds. (Chapter 4 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: Issues surrounding transracial adoptions are addressed, including the outcomes of transracially adopted children, ways parents can prepare to adopt transracially or transculturally, specific challenges unique to transcultural adoption, and strategies parents can use to prepare their transculturally adopted children to explore their identities. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 5 references.

Title: Older Youth and Adoption: Adopting Teen-friendly Practice.
Author(s): Kelly, David P.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: ABA Child Law Practice
v. 27, 2, April 2008, p. 1, 22-24
Available from: ABA Center on Children and the Law
http://www.abanet.org/child
740 15th Street, NW

Washington, DC 20005
Abstract: This article discusses barriers to older youth adoption, and strategies children's attorneys can use to avoid common pitfalls and push child welfare agencies to identify adoptive resources and counsel youth on their options. It addresses common explanations that there are no adoptive resources and that youth are unwilling to be adopted, the goals of Another Planned Permanency Living Arrangement (APPLA), and ways to encourage teen adoption and concurrent planning. 7 references.

Title: Developing a Supportive Adoption Environment: How to Prepare Biological Children, Family, and Friends. (Chapter 6 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: Potential post-adoptive challenges for families are reviewed, including challenges for children already in the home. These challenges include issues relating to changing the birth order, witnessing distress and anger when the family struggles, new behavioral management techniques, believing their feelings don't matter, feeling tricked into supporting the adoption, witnessing parental regret about the adoption, and feeling invisible after the adoption of a child with special needs. Potential strategies for mitigating these challenges are discussed, as well as techniques for gaining support from the extended family for the adoption and responding to community perspectives. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 14 references.

Title: Barriers to Adjustment: Strategies to Ease the Transition. (Chapter 7 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: This chapter presents an overview of the initial barriers to adoption adjustment and gives suggestions for how parents can cope. Strategies are discussed for gathering information about the child, dealing with the child's separation and loss, preparing a child for adoption, preparing for cultural differences, and coping with unmet parental needs and unmatched expectations, marital problems, reordered family systems, and incomplete resolution of loss. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 6 references.

Title: Attachment, Development, and the Impact of Trauma: What Adoptive Parents Need to Know. (Chapter 8 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: This chapter describes the development of attachment between children and parents, specific aspects of child development that are affected by early attachment experiences, and the impact trauma can have on the attachment of adopted children. Domains of impairment in children exposed to complex trauma are also identified. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 35 references.

Title: Childhood Risks Associated with Adoption. (Chapter 6 in Family Influences on Childhood Behavior and Development: Evidence-Based Prevention and Treatment Approaches.)
Author(s): Arcus, Doreen.;Chambers, Patrick.
Published: 2008
Available from: Routledge -- Taylor and Francis Group
http://www.routledge.com
7625 Empire Drive
Florence, KY 41042
Abstract: The prevalence and demographics of adopted children are discussed, and major theoretical perspectives on risk and resiliency among children who are adopted are explored. Individual, family, and community factors influencing risk and resiliency are considered, as well as evidence-based treatments and interventions, psychopharmacology recommendations, prevention strategies to minimize the problems associated with adoption and to enhance functioning, and recommended best practices for clinicians. 1 figure and 97 references.

Title: Adoption Issues from Three to Five: Questions and Answers about Birth, Past, and Present. (Chapter 20 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: Specific issues that are raised by internationally adopted children when they are between ages three and five are discussed and recommendations for successful parenting responses are provided. What children should know about their adoption at this age is discussed, as well as suggestions for making a connection based on shared loss and answering questions about maternal relinquishment and child birth.

Title: Adoption Issues from Three to Five: Separation and Reunion. (Chapter 21 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: Specific separation and reunion issues that are faced by internationally adopted children when they are between ages three and five are discussed and recommendations for successful parenting techniques are provided. Strategies for assessing separation issues are discussed, as well as the five stages of separation for internationally adopted children, institutional reminders that may evoke fear and anxiety, and suggestions for helping a child cope with separation.

Title: Adoption Issues from Three to Five: Dictators and Bosses. (Chapter 22 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: This chapter explains that the development of demanding and dictatorial behavior in internationally adopted children when they are between ages three and five is a sign of parental success in forming an interdependent relationship with the child. Strategies for dethroning the dictator, using the third-arm cure to recognize differences and reassure connections, and limit-setting are described.

Title: Adoption Issues from Six to Nine: Making Choices About Race, Culture, Ethnicity, and Identity. (Chapter 23 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: Specific identity issues that are faced by internationally adopted children when they are between the ages of six and nine are discussed and recommendations for successful parenting techniques are provided. Strategies for addressing concerns about ethnicity, racial categories, minority status, hyper-identification, and identification and loss are discussed, as well as the benefits of culture camps and forming a multicultural group.

Title: Adoption Issues from Six to Nine: Creating a Deeper and More Detailed Adoption Story. (Chapter 24 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: Specific issues that are raised by internationally adopted children when they are between the ages of six and nine are considered and recommendations for successful parenting responses are provided. What children should know about their adoption at this age is discussed, as well as suggestions for answering questions about maternal relinquishment, who will care for them, their responsibility for their own abandonment, and their fear of another abandonment. Advice is also provided on preparing a child to handle challenging questions and challenging school assignments.

Title: Adoption Issues from Six to Nine: Acting Out, Being "Perfect," and Other Challenging Behaviors. (Chapter 25 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: This chapter explores challenging behaviors that may appear in internationally adopted children when they are between the ages of six and nine. It discusses how children this age think, how the adoption impacts self-image, and the consequences of feeling guilty about the abandonment. Strategies for integrating good and bad choices into a positive self-concept are described, as well as managing parental emotions and behaviors, keeping expectations for achievement reasonable, and using techniques such as puzzles, Ping-Pong games, self-talk, and scaffolding strategies to soothe children.

Title: Adoption Issues from Ten to Twelve: New Bodies, New Pressures. (Chapter 26 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: This chapter explores specific issues that are faced by internationally adopted children when they are between the ages of ten and twelve. It discusses how children this age think, the formation of identity as their bodies change, and the need for parents to talk with their children. The child's search for answers, feelings about sexuality, and grasp of genetic traits are also explained, as well as the challenges the children face in family-life and sexuality classes, feelings of stress, and techniques for reducing stress.

Title: Adoption Issues from Ten to Twelve: Identity Challenged and Reinforced. (Chapter 27 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: This chapter explores specific identity issues that are faced by internationally adopted children when they are between the ages of ten and twelve. It addresses cliques and prejudice, the authenticity tests peers use to evaluate inclusion into a clique, and the need for adopted children to develop a self-assigned identity. The challenge of coping with missing information is also discussed, as well as new information parents can supply, techniques for answering difficult questions, strategies for finding stand-ins for birth parents, and ways to help children manage challenges to identity.

Title: Adoption Issues from Ten to Twelve: Independence Without Disconnection. (Chapter 28 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: Specific independence issues that are raised by internationally adopted children when they are between the ages of ten and twelve are considered and recommendations for successful parenting responses are provided. The benefits and pitfalls of busy-schedule syndrome are discussed, as well as strategies for providing less stimulation with more connection, establishing family time, and repairing broken connections.

Title: Adoption Issues In the Teen Years: In the Shadow of Independence. (Chapter 29 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: Specific independence issues that are raised by internationally adopted teens are considered and recommendations for successful parenting responses are provided. The five developmental tasks for teens are described, as well as the unique developmental challenges faced by internationally adopted teens, community strategies for listening and talking with and without words, control issues in communication, and strategies for communication when a teen will not talk.

Title: Adoption Issues In the Teen Years: How Self-Control Happens, and What to Do When It Does Not. (Chapter 30 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: Six strategies parents can use to help internationally adopted teens with emotional and behavioral control are described and include teaching soothing and calming techniques, planning regular check-in times, limiting physical separation, planning routine family activities, focusing on natural consequences, and using family service for repair and reconnections. Additional suggestions are made for interpreting calls for help and responding to suicide threats, run away threats, provocative behavior, and risky behavior.

Title: Adoption Issues In the Teen Years: Mixed Heritages, Fluid Identities. (Chapter 31 in Parenting Your Internationally Adopted Child: From Your First Hours Together Through the Teen Years.)
Author(s): Cogen, Patty.
Published: 2008
Available from: Harvard Common Press
National Book Network
4720 Boston Way
Lanham, MD 20706
Abstract: This chapter explores the mixed-heritage identity of internationally adopted adolescents. Recommendations are provided for discussing identity issues with teens, and the WHOSE (Walk away, Humor, Off-topic, Share, Educate) approach for dealing with challenging comments or questions is explained. Dating and social pressures faced by internationally adopted teens are also discussed, as well as loyalty concerns they may have.

Title: Talking to Children About Adoption: When and How. (Chapter 11 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: Reasons why parents struggle with talking about adoption are examined and principles in talking to children about adoption and their past are provided. Recommendations are also discussed for creating an environment where questions can be asked and answered, addressing sensitive issues, and helping the memories of a child heal. The development of a life book to help children understand their past is explained. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 12 references.

Title: After Adoption. (Chapter 8 in Adoption in the United States: A Reference for Families, Professionals and Students.)
Author(s): Henry, Martha J.;Pollack, Daniel.
Published: 2008
Available from: Lyceum Books, Inc.
http://www.lyceumbooks.com/
5758 S. Blackstone
Chicago, IL 60637
Abstract: This chapter focuses on issues and considerations for families following an adoption. It discusses children's development and understanding of adoption from infancy to age 4, ages 8-11, and in adolescence. Tips are provided for talking to children about adoption, and information is given on post-adoption support and services, working with schools and teachers to adapt lessons about families and genetics, and multicultural adoptive families. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act that requires special education services be provided to children with disabilities is also explained.

Title: Searching for a Past: Why Adopted Children Seek Their Roots and How Parents Can Respond. (Chapter 13 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: Reasons why adopted children search for their biological parents are discussed and include the need for medical history and information, for more information and communication, to find out why they look and act like they do, to find their genetic family tree, to connect, and to forgive. Possible outcomes as a result of the search are explored, and strategies that parents can use to respond to the need to search are discussed. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 12 references.

Title: Navigating Intercountry Adoption: Preparing for the Journey. (Chapter 3 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: International legislation governing intercountry adoption is reviewed, and information is provided on procedures and documentation required in intercountry adoptions, special challenges faced by adoptive parents, adoption fraud, traveling to another country to adopt a child, and what to expect once a child is home. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 2 references.

Title: Top Ten Ethical Considerations in Open Adoption Practice.
Author(s): Mason, Mary Martin.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Decree (American Adoption Congress)
v. 24, 4, 2008, p. 1
Available from: American Adoption Congress
http://americanadoptioncongress.org
PO Box 42730
Washington, DC 20015
Document available online at: http://www.americanadoptioncongress.org/open_mason_article.php
Abstract: Ten principles are proposed for guiding open adoption practices. The principles address: fully disclosed adoptions, child involvement, overcoming fears about allowing clients to be in contact without agency control, systemic change in agencies, birth father involvement, equalized services for birth and adoptive parents, not using open adoption to influence relinquishment, fully enforceable post-adoption contact agreements, separate legal councils for adoptive parents and birth parents, and allowing access to original birth certificates.

Title: What Builds Healthy Adoptive Families: Six Critical Success Factors. (Chapter 5 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: Six critical factors for creating a successful adoptive family are discussed, and include: parents have explored their motivations and expectations for adoption an open and healthy manner and are in agreement, parents demonstrate stability and quality in their interpersonal relationships, parents demonstrate flexibility and openness in the family system, parents know the importance of creating a family environment that openly acknowledges and communicates about adoption, parents understand the core issues of adoption that may affect their child and the triggers that may create crisis, and parents understand that adoption is a lifetime commitment and maintain that commitment through difficult times. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 20 references.

Title: Emotional Intelligence in Children of Open Adoption: 2002-2003 Survey of Open Adoption and Family Services Clients.
Author(s): Blakely, Jennifer.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: DECREE
v. 24, 4, 2008, p. 6-8
Available from: American Adoption Congress
http://americanadoptioncongress.org
PO Box 42730
Washington, DC 20015
Abstract: A survey of 92 adoptive parents, 38 birthmothers, and 41 children involved in open adoptions was conducted to evaluate overall adoption satisfaction, the level of healthy collaboration between adoptive parents and birthmothers, and whether these collaborations levels correlate with children's emotional intelligence scores. Findings indicate families have high levels of ongoing contact, ongoing contact is linked to adoption satisfaction, and that adoption satisfaction is related to emotional intelligence.

Title: Transracial Parenting in Foster Care and Adoption: Strengthening Your Bicultural Family.
Published: 2008
Available from: Iowa Foster and Adoptive Parents Association
http://www.ifapa.org/
6864 NE 14th St., Suite 5

Ankeny, IA 50023
Printable version (PDF): http://www.ifapa.org/pdf_docs/TransracialParenting.pdf
Abstract: This guidebook was created to help parents and children in transracial homes learn how to thrive in and celebrate their bicultural family; and for children to gain a strong sense of racial identity and cultural connections. (Author abstract)

Title: Tuberculosis Screening in Internationally Adopted Children: The Need for Initial and Repeat Testing.
Author(s): Trehan, Indi.;Meinzen-Derr, Jareen K.;Jamison, Linda.;Staat, Mary Allen.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Pediatrics
v. 122, 1, July 2008, p. e7-e14
Available from: American Academy of Pediatrics
http://www.aap.org
141 Northwest Point Boulevard
Elk Grove, IL 60007-1098
Document available online at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/122/1/e7
Printable version (PDF): http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/122/1/e7
Abstract: OBJECTIVE. Because most internationally adopted children come from areas of high tuberculosis prevalence, an initial tuberculin skin test is recommended after arrival to the United States. We evaluated whether repeat testing of children ≥3 months after arrival to the United States would identify additional children with latent tuberculosis infection. METHODS. Internationally adopted children who were seen at our International Adoption Center and had a tuberculin skin test within 2 months of arrival to the United States were eligible for the study. Children not diagnosed with tuberculosis with initial testing were retested at least 3 months later. The prevalence of tuberculosis on arrival and after repeat testing was determined, and potential risk factors for infection were examined. RESULTS. Of the 527 internationally adopted children with an initial tuberculin skin test completed, 111 (21%) had evidence of latent tuberculosis infection. Repeat tuberculosis testing was complete for 191 internationally adopted children (46.9% of those who had an initially negative tuberculin skin test). Latent tuberculosis infection was found in 20% of those who were retested. No children were found to have active tuberculosis disease. Children with an initially positive tuberculin skin test result had slightly higher weight-for-age z scores at their initial clinic visit, whereas those whose tuberculin skin test result was positive after repeat testing had slightly lower weight-for-age z scores. A strong correlation between BCG immunization and tuberculin skin test result was observed. CONCLUSIONS. Latent tuberculosis infection is common in internationally adopted children. A high proportion of internationally adopted children had an initially false-negative tuberculin skin test. Repeat tuberculosis testing of all internationally adopted children with an initially negative tuberculin skin test should be the standard of care for identifying tuberculosis infection and preventing tuberculosis disease in this high-risk population. (Author abstract)

Title: Living with Children with Attachment Trauma: Understanding the Terminology, Diagnosis, and Parenting Strategies. (Chapter 9 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: The symptoms of children with attachment disorders are explained, as well as the definition of Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood (RAD). Behaviors that are typical for children who fit the RAD diagnosis are listed and recommendations are made for assessment, attachment therapy, and parenting principles that lead to success. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 24 references.

Title: How Do We Feel About Adoption? Understanding the Different Perspectives of Parents and Children. (Chapter 10 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: This chapter describes how children perceive their adoption at different developmental stages, including ages 3-5, ages 6-8, ages 9-12, and in early and later adolescence. Strategies parents can employ to help their children through these stages are discussed, and parent perspectives about adoption are explored. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 9 references.

Title: The Relationship Between Institutional Care and the International Adoption of Children in Europe.
Author(s): Chou, Shihning.;Browne, Kevin.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Adoption and Fostering.
v. 32, 1, Spring 2008, p. 40-48
Available from: British Association for Adoption & Fostering (BAAF)
http://www.baaf.org.uk/
Skyline House, 200 Union Street
London SE1 0LX
Abstract: The study reported by Shihning Chou and Kevin Browne explored the link between institutional care for young children and international adoption, using a survey of 33 European countries. Official figures were available from 25 countries on the proportions of national versus international adoption within their own countries, together with the number of children under three in institutional care. Results indicate an association between international adoption (both incoming and outgoing) and a high number of young children in institutional care. The evidence suggests that, rather than reduce the number of children in institutions, international adoption may contribute to the continuation of this harmful practice. A child rights-based approach to providing alternative care for children separated from their parents is proposed. (Author abstract)

Title: What's Inside an Adopted Adolescent? Helping Teens Resolve Five Crucial Issues. (Chapter 12 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: This chapter explores the unique challenges facing adopted adolescents, symptoms that indicate a teen is struggling with an issue, and parental strategies for helping teens overcome challenges. Challenges include issues of loss, identity, control, abandonment, permanency, and gratitude. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 13 references.

Title: The Experience of Adoption (2): The Association Between Communicative Openness and Self-Esteem in Adoption.
Author(s): Beckett, Celia.;Castle, Jenny.;Groothues, Christine.;Hawkins, Amanda.;Sonuga-Barke, Edmund.;Colvert, Emma.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Adoption and Fostering.
v. 32, 1, Spring 2008, p. 29-39
Available from: British Association for Adoption & Fostering (BAAF)
http://www.baaf.org.uk/
Skyline House, 200 Union Street
London SE1 0LX
Abstract: A study of the views of two groups of 11-year old adopted children (one adopted as babies within the UK, n = 47, the other adopted in Romania, aged between two and 43 months, n = 133) indicates that parents underestimate the difficulty that their children have in talking about adoption. Children who found this harder experienced lower self-esteem at age 11 and were also more likely to feel different from their adoptive families, and both these factors were related to the individual child's level of behavioral or cognitive difficulties. Children in the Romanian sample who had another adopted sibling found it easier to talk about their adoption. In summary, the ease with which can talk about adoption does appear to be associated with higher self-esteem and the individual child's difficulties, as well as family composition. This article by Celia Beckett, Jenny Castle, Christine Groothues, Amanda Hawkins, Edmund Sonuga-Barke, Emma Colvert, Jana Kreppner, Suzanne Stevens and Michael Rutter follows 'The Experience of Adoption (1)' (Hawkins et al, 2007), which explored intercountry and domestic adoption from the child's point of view. (Author abstract)

Title: Creating a Nurturing Family: Giving Our Children What They Need. (Chapter 14 in The Whole Life Adoption Book: Realistic Advice for Building a Healthy Adoptive Family.)
Author(s): Schooler, Jayne E.;Atwood, Thomas.
Published: 2008
Available from: NavPress
http://www.navpress.com/
P.O. Box 35001
Colorado Springs, CO 80935
Abstract: Strategies for developing a nurturing adoptive family are discussed and describe techniques for creating a sense of belonging in adopted children, as well as a sense of authenticity, a sense of dignity, a feeling of being valued, and a sense of being loved unconditionally. The chapter concludes with questions for small group discussions. 7 references.

Title: First Steps for Strengthening Adoptive Families: Tools and Techniques for Meeting the Needs of Your Adopted Child [DVD].
Published: 2007
Available from: Family Attachment and Counseling Center of Minnesota.
http://www.familyattachment.com/index.html
18322-C Minnetonka Blvd.

Deephaven, MI 55391
Abstract: This 5-hour, 20-minute, 2-DVD set presents a training program to help adoptive parents and professionals understand the importance of attachment in the context of the adoptive relationship, learn ways to strengthen adoptive parent-child relationships, and learn tools and techniques to manage anxiety, improve behavior, reduce fears, and increase self-esteem. It also highlights the use of narratives to help adopted children. The first section explains the importance of attachment, attunement, and regulation, includes questions to help parents and professionals understand a child's perspective, and provides tools parents can use, including play techniques, school interaction essentials, and ideas to organize the home and family activities to help children manage anxiety. The following section describes the development of Family Attachment Narrative Therapy, a methodology that uses narratives (stories) told by parents to promote healing and improve attachment. The final section describes how four types of narratives-- claiming, developmental, successful child, and trauma-- can help children recover from past wounds, teach new behaviors, and strengthen bonds within a family. The DVD features video clips of families sharing their experiences with their adopted children, and includes more than two hours of video clips from actual therapy sessions of families using Family Attachment Narrative Therapy and telling stories to their child. There are a total of eight video examples, including two for each narrative type. (Author abstract modified)

Title: The Effect of Placement Instability on Adopted Children's Inhibitory Control Abilities and Oppositional Behavior.
Author(s): Lewis, Erin E.;Dozier, Mary.;Ackerman, John.;Sepulveda-Kozakowski, Sandra.
Published: 2007
Journal Name: Developmental Psychology
v. 43, 6, November 2007, p. 1415-1427
Available from: Elsevier
http://www.elsevier.com/
Customer Service Department
6277 Sea Harbor Drive
Orlando, FL 32887-4800
Abstract: This study assessed relations among placement instability, inhibitory control, and caregiver-rated child behavior. The sample included 33 adopted children who had experienced placement instability, 42 adopted children who had experienced 1 stable placement, and 27 children never placed in foster care. Five- and 6-year-old children completed the day-night task, which requires children to inhibit a prepotent response, and a control task that presents similar memory demands but does not require inhibition (C. L. Gerstadt, Y. J. Hong, & A. Diamond, 1994). Adopted children who had experienced placement instability performed worse on the inhibition task than did both other groups of children, when the authors controlled for age, verbal intelligence (as measured with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised; D. Wechsler, 1989; or the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Third Edition; L. M. Dunn & L. M. Dunn, 1997), and control task performance (p < .01). Children who had experienced placement instability were also rated on the Child Behavior Checklist as more oppositional than other children (p < .01; T. M. Achenbach & L. A. Rescorla, 2000). Inhibitory control did not mediate the association between placement instability and oppositional behavior (p > .05). These results suggest that placement instability may adversely affect the social-emotional development of adopted children. (Author abstract)

Title: Secrecy Within Adoptive Families and its Impact on Adult Adoptees.
Author(s): Passmore, Nola.;Feeney, Judy.;Foulstone, Alex.
Published: 2007
Journal Name: Family Relationships Quarterly
5, p. 3-5
Available from: Australia Institute of Family Studies
http://www.aifs.org.au
300 Queen St.
Melbourne
Document available online at: http://www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/pubs/newsletter/newsletter5.html#secrecy
Printable version (PDF): http://www.aifs.gov.au/afrc/pubs/newsletter/n5pdf/n5b.pdf
Abstract: A study explored ways in which openness or secrecy within the adoptive family could impact on the lives of Australian adults who had been adopted as children. Data was collected through a survey of 144 adult adoptees that included a number of background items and standardized questionnaires including the adoptive family's attitude towards discussing the topic of adoption. Attachment and parental bonding were also assessed. All participants were born in Australia, had an Anglo-Australian background, and were adopted by non-relatives within two years of birth. Approximately six months later, 138 of the original participants again completed the attachment measure, but also completed various interpersonal relationship measures. Fifty-seven of these participants were later interviewed in more depth regarding their interpersonal relationships and their adoption, search, and reunion experiences. Adoptees who had experienced greater secrecy within their adoptive families felt less emotionally close to their adoptive parents, perceived their adoptive parents as less caring and more controlling, and experienced greater loneliness within the family context. Secrecy within the adoptive family was also associated with general relationship variables such as social loneliness, risk in intimacy (i.e., the perceived risk of close relationships), and both anxious and avoidant attachment; though not associated with specific measures of romantic relationships such as romantic loneliness, trust in close relationships, relationship satisfaction or commitment. Implications for counseling are discussed. 8 references. (Author abstract modified)

Title: Discovering You Are Adopted: For Those Who Have Just Found Out.
Published: 2006
Available from: Benevolent Society
http://www.bensoc.org.au/
Level 1, 188 Oxford Street (PO Box 171)
Paddington NSW 2021 AUSTRALIA
Printable version (PDF): http://www.bensoc.org.au/uploads/documents/discovering-you-are-adopted-nov21.pdf
Abstract: This information sheet focuses on the impact of finding out that you are adopted later in life. It explores the feelings adult adoptees may experience, possible reasons for the secrecy, and discussing the new disclosure with adopted parents. Strategies for coping with feelings of anger and shock are also considered.

Title: Re-Forming the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children.
Author(s): Oppenheim, Liz.
Published: 2005
Available from: Council of State Governments
http://www.csg.org
2760 Research Park Drive
P.O. Box 11910
Lexington, KY 40578-1910
Printable version (PDF): http://www.csg.org/programs/ncic/documents/Oppenheim-ReformingtheICPC.pdf
Abstract: This fact sheet reviews the purpose of the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children (ICPC) and highlights problems with the current compact, including its overly broad language in terms of the definition and scope, its inadequate procedures in addressing the needs of today's children, and the current structure's lack of enforcement and accountability. The rise of interstate adoptions and the need to reform the ICPC is discussed, as well as efforts by the American Public Human Services Association to rewrite the compact. 5 references.

Title: Field-Initiated Research on Successful Adoptions: Final Report 2004.
Author(s): Flynn, Cynthia.;Welch, Wendy.;Paget, Kathleen.
Published: 2004
Available from: Child Welfare Information Gateway
http://www.childwelfare.gov
Children's Bureau/ACYF
1250 Maryland Avenue, SW
Eighth Floor
Washington, DC 20024
Abstract: This final report shares the findings of a federally-funded study that investigated adolescent, family, and systems factors associated with successful adoptive placements for adolescents. The study was conducted to draw practice inferences to further the aim of the Adoptive and Safe Families Act of 1997 to ensure the safety, permanency, and well-being of adolescents in care. The report begins with a literature review and an explanation of the methodology of the study. The study included 91 interviews of adoptive parents and their adoptees and an assessment of the life satisfaction of 23 adolescent adoptees. Information is provided on the characteristics of participants and findings on: perspectives on adoption prior to adoption, making the decision to adoption, adolescent involvement in the adoption process and acceptance of the adoption decision, pre-adoption support services, post-adoption support services, birth family involvement, racial and cultural issues, education issues, successful adolescent adoptions, the best and worst aspects of adoption, the most meaningful aspects of adoption, whether adoptive parents would adopt an adolescent all over again, and advice for those considering adoption. The report closes with lessons learned about involving teens in research and recommendations for further study. 33 references, 6 tables, and 4 figures. Document scanned.

Title: Instructional Guide to the Website: www.adoptuskids.org
Published: 2003
Available from: Collaboration to AdoptUSKids
http://www.adoptuskids.org
8015 Corporate Drive
Suite C
Baltimore, MD 21236
Abstract: This instructional guide is designed to assist agencies in using the AdoptUSKids website. It explains the goals of the Collaboration to AdoptUSKids, and the roles of the Adoption Exchange Association, the Child Welfare League of America, the Northwest Adoption Exchange, the Adoption Exchange Education Center, the Texas University School of Social Work and the Center for Social Work Research, and Holt International Children's Services as partnering organizations. The purpose of an adoption exchange to share information among agencies about children for whom an adoptive resource is not immediately available and about potential adoptive families is discussed, and programs and activities used to achieve permanency are identified. The guide then provides step-by-step instructions for getting started on the website, registering and managing an organization's entry, registering and managing entries of waiting children, and registering and managing entries of prospective families. Additional information is provided on gathering statistics from the website and troubleshooting. An appendix includes instructions for using the State program manager reports. Document Scanned.

Title: Why Wasn't I Told?: Making Sense of the Late Discovery of Adoption.
Author(s): Pearl, Lynne.
Published: 2000
Available from: Benevolent Society
http://www.bensoc.org.au/
Level 1, 188 Oxford Street (PO Box 171)
Paddington NSW 2021 AUSTRALIA
Printable version (PDF): http://www.bensoc.org.au/uploads/documents/why-wasnt-i-told-may2001.pdf
Abstract: This report discusses historical attitudes about adoption and the feelings adult adoptees may experience on learning about the adoption later in life. Findings are shared from a telephone survey of 40 late discovery adoptees. Results indicate: 41% of the sample was told of their adoption by someone other than the adoptive family, relatives, or birth family; the initial reactions of the sample to finding out about their adoption was overwhelmingly that of shock, and ranged from feelings of disbelief, anger and relief to devastation; 24.8% informed their adoptive parents that they had discovered they were adopted, 22.2% did not inform their adoptive parents, and 28.2% had received the information from their adoptive parents; half of the sample felt that the discovery of their adoption had affected family relationships; more than half of the sample went on to have contact with their birth family and the majority experienced a positive initial response from their birth family; 75% of the participants felt that they did not require counseling to deal with issues of late discovery; and issues around identity confusion were more prevalent in the groups who had not made contact with their birth families. 3 references.

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