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Prevention - Results (70 Publications)

Title: Placement and Permanency Outcomes for Children in Out-of-Home Care by Prior Inpatient Mental Health Treatment.
Author(s): Park, Jung Min.;Ryan, Joseph P.
Published: 2009
Journal Name: Research on Social Work Practice
v. 19, 1, January 2009, p. 42-51
Available from: Sage Publications
http://www.sagepub.com
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
Abstract: Objective: This longitudinal study followed 5,978 children in out-of-home care to examine whether placement and permanency outcomes differ between children with and without a history of inpatient mental health treatment. Method: Data were drawn from child welfare and Medicaid records from the state of Illinois. Logistic regression and survival analysis were applied. Results: A history of inpatient mental health treatment preceding out-of-home placement was associated with an increased risk for placement instability for White children and a decreased likelihood of achieving permanency for African American children. Conclusions: Children with an inpatient mental health treatment episode may benefit from assessment of service needs upon their entry into out-of-home care and continued follow-ups for reducing placement disruptions and facilitating timely permanence. (Author abstract)

Title: Predictors and Level of Sustainability of Community Prevention Coalitions.
Author(s): Feinberg, Mark E.;Bontempo, Daniel E.;Greenberg, Mark T.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: American Journal of Preventive Medicine
v. 34, 6, June 2008, p. 495-501
Available from: Elsevier
http://www.elsevier.com/
Customer Service Department
6277 Sea Harbor Drive
Orlando, FL 32887-4800
Abstract: Background: After many years in which evaluations had generally not found the coalition approach to be effective, the community-coalition approach has recently been shown to produce a public health impact if best practices are utilized. The next challenge is to foster sustainability among coalitions in order to achieve long-term public health outcomes. This study examined the level of and predictors of sustainability among Communities That Care (CTC) sites in Pennsylvania. CTC engages local leaders and citizens in a prevention coalition whose goal is the reduction of adolescent problem behaviors (e.g., violence, alcohol and substance use, teenage pregnancy, school dropouts, delinquency). Methods: Board functioning and the funding of 110 CTC sites were assessed through the reports of board members, staff, and technical-assistance providers from 2003 through 2006; data were analyzed in 2007. Results: Ninety percent of CTC coalitions continued after the 3-year initial funding period, with 3%-8% of sites terminating each year thereafter. Approximately two thirds of CTC sites continued to operate 4 years after the termination of the original 3-year implementation grant. Many of the sites attracted funding at a level equivalent to or greater than the initial grant. Overall coalition functioning, as reported by either board members or technical-assistance providers, along with planning for sustainability, predicted both survival and post-launch funding. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that board functioning predicts survival, at least in part independently of its influence on funding; and that planning for sustainability predicts sustainability, at least in part independently of overall coalition functioning. (Author abstract modified)

Title: Three Types of Memory for Childhood Sexual Abuse: Relationships to Characteristics of Abuse and Psychological Symptoms.
Author(s): Crowley, M. Sue.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
v. 17, 1, 2008, p. 71-88
Available from: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
325 Chestnut Street
Suite 800
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Abstract: Data from a clinical sample (N = 88) reporting childhood sexual abuse was compared by types of memory, abuse characteristics, and psychological symptoms. Three types of memory were identified from a questionnaire ("Always" n = 27 [31%], "Recovered" n = 41 [46%], and "Both" n = 20 [23%]). When compared with narrative reports from a subset (n = 30) of the sample, the lines between "Always," "Recovered," and "Both" types of memory were ambiguous. Consistency across reports, however, was 83%. Memories classified as neither "Recovered" or "Both" were associated with earlier age-at-onset and more severe psychological symptoms compared to those who "Always" remembered CSA. No significant differences were found between "Both" and "Recovered" groups. (Author abstract)

Title: Marriage is Good for Your Health.
Published: 2008
Available from: Associated Counselors & Therapists
http://www.beachpsych.com/
1426 Aviation Blvd., Ste. 103
Redondo Beach, CA
Document available online at: http://www.beachpsych.com/pages/cc110.html
Abstract: This article discusses the varied health effects of marriage. A bad marriage can lead to health risks such as increased blood pressure and increased risk for diabetes and heart attack. Satisfying marriages lead to increased immunity and greater longevity.

Title: An Ecological Developmental Perspective on the Consequences of Child Maltreatment (1995-1996): NDACAN Dataset Number 96, User's Guide and Codebook.
Author(s): Johnson, Sarah.;Larrabee-Warner, Holly.;Manly, Jody Todd.
Published: 2008
Available from: National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect
http://www.ndacan.cornell.edu/NDACAN/AboutNDACAN.html
Beebe Hall - FLDC
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853
Printable version (PDF): http://www.ndacan.cornell.edu/NDACAN/Datasets/UserGuidePDFs/096user.pdf
Abstract: Cicchetti, Lynch, and Manly used the ecological-transactional model of child development to inform a three-part investigation of the links among child maltreatment, environmental conditions, and developmental outcomes. In the first part of the research, the investigators examined the links between community violence, domestic violence, and poverty and the multiple dimensions of child maltreatment assessed by the investigators' classification system. In the second part of the research, the investigators examined the links between child maltreatment and various developmental outcomes. Finally, in accordance with the ecological- transactional perspective, the investigators examined how child maltreatment interacts with other environmental conditions and child factors to shape the path of children's development and their subsequent adaptation. Three hundred children between 7 and 12 years of age were recruited to participate in this study. One hundred sixty-eight children (56% of the sample) had been identified as legally maltreated by the local department of social services and had their caregivers referred to study investigators by social service caseworkers. A demographically similar comparison group of 132 non-maltreated children was recruited from the roll of families receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Both groups of children participated in week-long, 30 hour day camp sessions during the summers of 1995 and 1996. Measures of the children's interpersonal functioning, self-functioning, cognitive functioning, and symptoms of distress were assessed through self-, peer-, and counselor ratings. Concurrently, primary caregivers were interviewed about community and home violence. One-year longitudinal data were obtained for 95% of the child participants. Follow-up measures were identical to those used during the first wave except that parent-report ratings were not obtained. This dataset represents year one and two of a four year data collection effort. Dataset #110 contains the third and fourth year follow-up data. (Author abstract)

Title: An Individualized, Strengths-Based Approach in Public Child Welfare Driven Systems of Care
Published: 2008
Available from: Child Welfare Information Gateway
http://www.childwelfare.gov
Children's Bureau/ACYF
1250 Maryland Avenue, SW
Eighth Floor
Washington, DC 20024
Document available online at: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/acloserlook/strengthsbased/
Printable version (PDF): http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/acloserlook/strengthsbased/strengthsbased.pdf
Abstract: Among the strategies that are critical for increasing the safety, permanency, and well-being of children and families involved with child welfare is tailoring services to unique needs by building upon strengths. As child welfare agency administrators and policy-makers continually strive to improve services and outcomes for children and families, establishing child welfare policies and practices that promote and facilitate an individualized, strengths-based approach is essential. Policy is crucial to sustaining strengths-based practices, because without it such practices may be inconsistently applied and diminish with staff turnover.

Title: Childhood Victimization: Violence, Crime, and Abuse in the Lives of Young People.
Author(s): Finkelhor, David.
Published: 2008
Available from: Oxford University Press
http://www.oxfordjournals.org/
2001 Evans Road
Cary, NC 27513
Abstract: This book explores child victimization across childhood's span and presents a comprehensive and integrated approach to responding to child victimization. Chapter 1 argues that childhood victimization has been neglected as a topic and underestimated as a phenomenon in part because it has been approached in a fragmented way, and Chapter 2 outlines an integrated approach to address this fragmentation. Definitional issues in the field of developmental victimology are discussed, as well as the concept of poly-victim, a term that highlights the intersection of various forms of victimization. Chapter 3 explores which children are most likely to experience victimization and why, and promotes an integrated and comprehensive perspective on victimization risk through a critique and elaboration of the routine activities theory approach to crime vulnerability. The following chapter addresses the impact of victimization on children and introduces a model that illustrates how developmental factors such as appraisals, developmental tasks, coping strategies, and environmental buffers influence responses to victimization. Chapter 5 illustrates how naïve developmental ideas can impede a scientifically based understanding of child victimization by discussing the assumption that peer victimization is less serious when it occurs between younger children. The aftermath of child victimization is addressed in Chapter 6, along with barriers that prevent child victims from getting more assistance from the criminal justice and mental health systems. Chapter 7 looks at recent historical trends in various forms of child victimization and related child welfare indicators. Sociological factors are reviewed that may be responsible for a decline in various forms of child victimization since the mid-1990s. Chapter 8 proposes a comprehensive and systemic framework for understanding the agencies and institutions that respond to child victimization, and offers a diagram that illustrates the interrelationships among parts of this system. The final chapter includes recommendations for preventing and intervening in child victimization. 492 references.

Title: Social Support for Divorced Fathers' Parenting : Testing a Stress-Buffering Model.
Author(s): DeGarmo, David S.;Patras, Joshua.;Eap, Sopagna.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Family Relations
v. 57, 1, January 2008, 35-48
Available from: Wiley-Blackwell
www.wiley.com
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
Abstract: A stress-buffering hypothesis for parenting was tested in a county-representative sample of 218 divorced fathers. Social support for parenting (emergency and nonemergency child care, practical support, financial support) was hypothesized to moderate effects of stress (role overload, coparental conflict, and daily hassles) on fathers' quality parenting. No custody fathers relied more on relatives compared with custodial fathers, who relied more on new partners for parenting support. No differences by custody status were found on levels of support or parenting over time. Parenting support buffered effects of change in role overload and coparenting conflict on coercive parenting and buffered effects of change in daily hassles on prosocial parenting. Buffer effects were more predictive over time. Implications for practice and preventive intervention strategies are discussed. (Author abstract)

Title: Handbook Of Social Work In Child And Adolescent Sexual Abuse.
Author(s): Hilarski, Carolyn.;Wodarski, John S.;Feit, Marvin D.
Published: 2008
Available from: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
325 Chestnut Street
Suite 800
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Abstract: This collection of essays explores the latest information assessment, management, prevention, and policy related to child and adolescent sexual abuse. Chapter 1 provides an overview of sexual abuse in early civilization and ancient Greece through colonial America and the world. Chapter 2 includes information on the definition and prevalence of child sexual abuse, as well as risk and protective factors and life stage consequences. Theoretical explanations of child sexual abuse and family dysfunction are discussed in Chapter 3, and Chapter 4 explores intrafamilial child and adolescent sexual abuse. Characteristics of intrafamilial offenders are described, along with psychological factors related to interfamilial offending and treatment for intrafamilial offenders. Chapters 5 and 6 review characteristics of nonfamily sex offenders, recidivism, and current empirical assessment methods for assessing child victims of sexual abuse. Chapter 7 considers the immediate effects of child sexual abuse and research on the effectiveness of treatment for the sexually abused child, and Chapter 8 focuses on the effects of sexual abuse on adolescents and treatment for sexually abused adolescents. Treatment for the nonoffending caregiver is discussed in Chapter 9, including information on treatment models, the role of attachment, cultural and gender issues, and comorbidity and domestic violence. The final chapters provide information on prevention programs and consider policy and practice implications. Numerous references.

Title: Proposals. (Chapter 9 in Childhood Victimization: Violence, Crime, and Abuse in the Lives of Young People).
Author(s): Finkelhor, David.;
Published: 2008
Available from: Oxford University Press
http://www.oxfordjournals.org/
2001 Evans Road
Cary, NC 27513
Abstract: This chapter makes recommendations for preventing and intervening in child victimization. It begins by summarizes the accomplishments of the child protection system in the United States and then highlights components of police success that should be emulated by child protection. Additional recommendations address: multiprofessional collaboration, a devolution of responsibility, broad-spectrum school-based victimization prevention, and prevention in youth-serving organizations.

Title: Family Search and Engagement: A Comprehensive Practice Guide.
Published: 2008
Available from: EMQ Children and Family Services
http://www.emq.org/
251 Llewellyn Ave.
Campbell, CA 95008-1940
Printable version (PDF): http://www.emq.org/press/docs/FSE_guide.pdf
Abstract: Family Search & Engagement (FSE) is a set of practices designed to locate, engage, connect, and support family resources for youth. Frequently, although not always, these youth are involved in the child welfare system, have experienced multiple placements with non-relatives, and have lost contact with their extended family members. This manual is intended to support the implementation of these complex practices by providing both an identification of the issues and activities involved and a variety of practical tools to assist the practitioner in the day-to-day work. (Author abstract)

Title: Differential Parenting Between Mothers and Fathers: Implications for Late Adolescents.
Author(s): McKinney, Cliff.;Renk, Kimberly.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Journal of Family Issues
v. 29, 6, June 2008, p. 806-827
Available from: Sage Publications
http://www.sagepub.com
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
Abstract: Although the relationship between parenting and outcomes for children and adolescents has been examined, differences between maternal and paternal parenting styles have received less attention, particularly in the case of late adolescents. As a result, this article examines the relationship between late adolescents' perceptions of their mothers' and fathers' parenting styles and their own emotional adjustment. Findings of this study suggest that mothers and fathers use different parenting styles for their sons and daughters. It also suggests that different combinations of maternal and paternal parenting (e.g., a permissive father parenting with an authoritarian mother) are related to late adolescents' emotional adjustment, with late adolescents who have at least one authoritative parent showing better adjustment than those who do not have such a parent. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of examining dyadic parent-adolescent relationships, and it suggests that having one authoritative parent may be a protective factor for late adolescents. (Author abstract)

Title: Childhood Maltreatment and Early Alcohol Use Among High-Risk Adolescents.
Author(s): Hamburger, Merle E.;Leeb, Rebecca T.;Swahn, Monica H.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
v. 69, 2, March 2008, p. 291-295
Available from: Rutgers University, Center of Alcohol Studies
607 Allison Rd
Piscataway, NJ 08854-8001
Abstract: Objective: Child maltreatment (CM) is prevalent among U.S. youth and has been associated with subsequent maladaptive behaviors, including substance use. The current study examines the associations between early child maltreatment and (1) preteen alcohol-use initiation and (2) heavy episodic drinking among students in a large study of adolescents. Method: The Youth Violence Survey is a cross-sectional survey of public school students enrolled in Grades 7, 9, 11, and 12 in a school district in a high-risk community. The analysis sample was limited to students who provided complete data on all relevant variables (N = 3,559). Fifty-two percent of the analysis sample was female. Early child maltreatment was defined as witnessing domestic violence and experiencing physical and/or sexual abuse before the age of 10 years. Outcome variables include ever drinking alcohol, preteen alcohol-use initiation, and heavy episodic drinking. Results: Witnessing domestic violence, experiencing physical abuse, and experiencing sexual abuse were significantly associated with preteen alcohol-use initiation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26-1.91; AOR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.69-2.63; AOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.16-2.14, respectively). Students who experienced one or more types of maltreatment were 1.5-3 times more likely to report preteen alcohol-use initiation. Heavy episodic drinking was associated only with childhood sexual abuse in boys (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.52-4.50). Conclusions: Prevention and treatment of the negative impact of early child maltreatment may delay and reduce alcohol use. (Author abstract)

Title: The Mental Health of US Adolescents Adopted in Infancy.
Author(s): Keyes, Margaret A.;Sharma, Anu.;Elkins, Irene J.;Iacono, William G.;McGue, Matt.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine
v. 162, 5, May 2008, p. 419-425
Available from: American Medical Association
http://www.ama-assn.org/
515 N. State Street
Chicago, IL 60610
Document available online at: http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/162/5/419
Printable version (PDF): http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/162/5/419
Abstract: Objective: To determine whether adopted adolescents are at excess risk for clinically relevant behavioral and emotional problems. Design: We examined whether adopted and nonadopted adolescents differed on quantitative indicators of mental health and the prevalence of childhood disorders and whether differences exist between internationally and domestically placed adoptees. Setting: Assessments occurred at the University of Minnesota from December 11, 1998, to June 4, 2004. Participants: Adolescents adopted in infancy were systematically ascertained from records of 3 large Minnesota adoption agencies; nonadopted adolescents were ascertained from Minnesota birth records. The final sample included these adolescents with their rearing parents. Main Exposure: The main exposure was adoptive status: nonadopted (n = 540), international adoptive placement (n = 514), or domestic adoptive placement (n = 178). Outcome Measures: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) clinical assessments based on child and parent reports of attention-deficit/hyperactivity, oppositional defiant, conduct, major depressive, and separation anxiety disorders; teacher reports of psychological health; and contact with mental health professionals. Results: Adoptees scored only moderately higher than nonadoptees on quantitative measures of mental health. Nevertheless, being adopted approximately doubled the odds of having contact with a mental health professional (odds ratio [OR], 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48-2.84) and of having a disruptive behavior disorder (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.72-3.19). Relative to international adoptees, domestic adoptees had higher odds of having an externalizing disorder (OR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.67-4.04). Conclusions: Moderate mean differences in quantitative indicators of mental health can lead to substantial differences in disorder prevalence. Although most adopted adolescents are psychologically healthy, they may be at elevated risk for some externalizing disorders, especially among those domestically placed. (Author abstract)

Title: Talking to Youth About Drugs: What Do Late Adolescents Say About Parental Strategies?
Author(s): Miller-Day, Michelle.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Journal of family relations
v. 57, 1, January 2008, p. 1-12
Available from: National Council on Family Relations
http://www.ncfr.org
3989 Central Avenue, NE
Suite 550
Minneapolis, MN 55421
Abstract: This research, comprised of 2 studies, extends current knowledge of parent-child communication about drugs. The first study developed a typology of parental strategies used to deter children's substance use. The second study examined relationships among the parental strategies identified in the first study, which included family communication environments and self-reported substance use. Results revealed that parental communication strategies to deter substance use may be employed in different ways by laissez-faire, pluralistic, consensual, and protective families. Of the 7 identified types of strategies, very few actually impacted substance use in the previous 30 days. The only strategy to have a significant effect on the use of all drug types was a "no tolerance rule." Prevention efforts and programs may target parents so as to enhance parental communication competence and offer parents an array of strategies to choose from that might best fit with their family communication environment. (Author abstract)

Title: Increasing Fathers' Involvement in Child Care With a Couple-Focused Intervention During the Transition to Parenthood.
Author(s): Hawkins, Alan J.;Lovejoy, Kimberly R.;Holmes, Erin K.;Blanchard, Victoria L.;Fawcett, Elizabeth.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Family Relations
v. 57, 1, January 2008, 49-59
Available from: Wiley-Blackwell
www.wiley.com
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
Abstract: In this article, the authors report the results of an evaluation study of a program for couples during the transition to parenthood on father involvement in child care. One-hundred-twenty couples were assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: a treatment group that received the Welcome Baby new-parent, home-visiting program focused on infant development and health, supplemented with the self-guided Marriage Moments program focused on strengthening couple relationships; a comparison group that received just the Welcome Baby program; or a control group. The study revealed that the treatment group fathers were more involved in child care than control group fathers, and this finding was replicated in a second evaluation study. Family life educators must be open to the possibility that they may miss a primary intervention target, yet hit a secondary one. (Author abstract)

Title: Child and Adult Victimization: Sequelae for Female Caregivers of High-Risk Children.
Author(s): Weisbart, Cindy E.;Thompson, Richard.;Pelaez-Merrick, Melissa.;Kim, Jeongeun.;Wike, Traci.;Briggs, Ernestine.;English, Diana J.;Dubowitz, Howard.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Child Maltreatment
OnlineFirst May 23, 2008,
Available from: Sage Publications
http://www.sagepub.com
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
Abstract: Little is known about the effects of child versus adult victimization or about the effects of victimization on physical health or social support. Mental and physical health outcomes among 890 female caregivers were examined utilizing data from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). The study examined whether victimized women (compared to nonvictimized women) would endorse higher rates of depression, lower levels of social support, and poorer recent health. Differences between subgroups of victimized women defined by when victimization occurred (child only, adult only, and both child and adult) were also examined. Women with any victimization and women with victimization during both time periods had the worst outcomes. Child-only victimization effects, however, did not differ significantly from adult-only victimization. This study suggests added vulnerability for women victimized during both childhood and adulthood. Clinicians should carefully assess lifetime experiences of victimization; approaches to such assessment should be refined through further research. (Author abstract)

Title: Reunification with Children in the Context of Maternal Recovery from Drug Abuse.
Author(s): Carlson, Bonnie E.;Smith, Carolyn.;Matto, Holly.;Eversman, Michael.;
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Families in Society
v. 89, 2, April-June 2008, p. 253-263
Available from: Families in Society
http://www.familiesinsociety.org
11700 West Lake Park Drive
Milwaukee, WI 53224-3099
Abstract: Little is known about mothers? experiences of reunification with children in the context of recovery from drug abuse. Using a stress and coping framework, this qualitative study interviewed 6 mothers and 11 service providers from substance abuse and child welfare agencies regarding reunification experiences. Analysis of themes indicated that multiple parenting stressors and lack of resources and supports complicate women?s abilities to manage parenting pressures upon reunification. Maternal readiness for reunification was an important theme; returning children prematurely heightens risk for poor outcomes, especially if insufficient services are in place to support children?s return home. The stress of dealing with child protective services and multiple service systems was another theme. Implications for service provision to mothers and families are discussed. (Author abstract)

Title: Building the Future of Family Involvement.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Evaluation Exchange
v. 14, 1&2, Spring 2008,
Available from: Harvard Family Research Project
http://www.hfrp.org/
Harvard Graduate School of Education
3 Garden Street

Cambridge, MA 02138
Document available online at: http://www.gse.harvard.edu/hfrp/eval/issue35/
Abstract: This double issue of The Evaluation Exchange examines the current state of and future directions for the family involvement field in research, policy, and practice. Featuring innovative initiatives, new evaluation approaches and findings, and interviews with field leaders, the issue is designed to spark conversation about where the field is today and where it needs to go in the future. (Author abstract)

Title: Effects of Father and Mother Parenting on Children's Mental Health in High- and Low-Conflict Divorces.
Author(s): Sandler, Irwin.;Miles, Jonathan.;Cookston, Jeffrey.;Braver, Sanford.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Family Court Review
v. 46, 2, April 2008, p. 282-296
Available from: Blackwell Publishing
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/
350 Main Street
Malden, MA 02148
Abstract: This article studied the relations of children's mental health problems to the warmth of their relationship with their noncustodial father and custodial mother and the level of conflict between the parents. Using a sample of 182 divorcing families, multiple regression was used to test the independent effect of father warmth, mother warmth, and interparental conflict. Results indicated that father warmth and mother warmth were both independently related to lower child-externalizing problems. However, the relations between mother and child warmth and child-internalizing problems were different as a function of interparental conflict and level of warmth with the other parent. Implications for court practices and policies are discussed. (Author abstract)

Title: A Nationwide Survey of Mandatory Parent Education.
Author(s): Pollet, Susan L.;Lombreglia, Melissa.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Family Court Review
v. 46, 2, April 2008, p. 375-394
Available from: Blackwell Publishing
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/
350 Main Street
Malden, MA 02148
Abstract: In an effort to take positive steps toward coping with problems for families and children created by high levels of separation and divorce, ever increasing civil caseloads and the exposure of children to interparental conflict, court-affiliated educational programs have emerged in the United States for parents separating from their spouse or partner or going through a divorce. This article will provide an overview of the creation of such programs and their development, which includes a discussion regarding the numerous states currently mandating parents to attend. It will summarize some of the research which has been conducted as to the efficacy of the programs and will provide the results of our nationwide research for each state's parent education status. There is a discussion of domestic violence issues and sensitivities in the context of parent education programs and possible future directions for mandatory parent education. (Author abstract)

Title: Childhood Abuse and Later Parenting Outcomes in Two American Indian Tribes.
Author(s): Libby, Anne M.;Orton, Heather D.;Beals, Janette.;Buchwald, Dedra.;Manson, Spero M.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Child Abuse and Neglect : The International Journal.
v. 32, 2, February 2008, p. 195-211
Available from: Elsevier
http://www.elsevier.com/
Customer Service Department
6277 Sea Harbor Drive
Orlando, FL 32887-4800
Abstract: Objectives: To examine the relationship of childhood physical and sexual abuse with reported parenting satisfaction and parenting role impairment later in life among American Indians (AIs). Methods: AIs from Southwest and Northern Plains tribes who participated in a large-scale community-based study (n = 3,084) were asked about traumatic events and family history; those with children were asked questions about their parenting experiences. Regression models estimated the relationships between childhood abuse and parenting satisfaction or parenting role impairment, and tested for mediation by depression or substance use disorders. Results: Lifetime substance use disorder fully mediated the relationship between childhood physical abuse and both parenting satisfaction and parenting role impairment in the Northern Plains tribe. There was only partial mediation between childhood sexual abuse and parenting role impairment in the Southwest. In both tribes, lifetime depression did not meet the criteria for mediation of the relationship between childhood abuse and the two parenting outcomes. Instrumental and perceived social support significantly enhanced parenting satisfaction; negative social support reduced satisfaction and increased the likelihood of parenting role impairment. Exposure to parental violence while growing up had deleterious effects on parenting outcomes. Mothers and fathers did not differ significantly in the relation of childhood abuse experience and later parenting outcomes. Conclusions: Strong effects of social support and mediation of substance abuse disorders in the Northern Plains offer direct ways in which childhood victims of abuse could be helped to avoid negative attributes of parenting that could put their own children at risk. (Author abstract)

Title: The Benefits of Marriage for African American Men.
Author(s): Sitgraves, Claudia.
Published: 2008
Available from: Institute for American Values
http://www.americanvalues.org/
1841 Broadway, Suite 211
New York, NY 10023
Document available online at: http://center.americanvalues.org/?p=73
Abstract: Currently, many policymakers and civic leaders are interested in developing strategies to improve the well-being of African American men, and to close the achievement gap between black men and other groups. This brief surveys the research on the effects of family structure on African American men and finds overwhelming evidence that getting and staying married has a significant beneficial effect on black men's well-being. Married black men have higher incomes and are less likely to experience poverty. They enjoy better physical and mental health than their unmarried counterparts, and are less likely to engage in unhealthy or antisocial behavior. Moreover, the benefits of marriage are transmitted from married parents to their sons, and these boys do better in life from childhood into adulthood. One of the difficulties in identifying the benefits of marriage for African American men is that individuals who are already doing better in the outcomes of interest--in this case, economic well-being, health, and social integration--are more likely to marry and to remain married. This challenge confronts even the most carefully designed studies. Since researchers cannot assign people to married and single status, they must employ creative techniques to determine whether marriage positively affects men. Despite this issue, existing research suggests that men actually do change their behavior after marrying and that marriage itself makes a difference. (Author abstract)

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Title: The Impact of Cumulative Maternal Trauma and Diagnosis on Parenting Behavior.
Author(s): Cohen, Lisa R.;Hien, Denise A.;Batchelder, Sarai.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Child Maltreatment
v. 13, 1, February 2008, p. 27-38
Available from: Sage Publications
http://www.sagepub.com
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
Abstract: This study examines the relative contributions of cumulative maternal trauma, substance use, depressive and posttraumatic stress diagnoses on parental abuse potential, punitiveness, and psychological and physical aggression in a sample of 176 urban mothers. Participants were categorized into four groups: substance use (n = 41), depressed (n = 40), comorbid (n = 47), and control (n = 48). Participants in the three diagnostic groups reported significantly greater interpersonal trauma exposure than did controls. Hierarchical regressions reveal that cumulative trauma is a significant predictor of all parenting outcomes, even after controlling for demographic and diagnostic variables. Substance use and depression are significantly related to abuse potential, and PTSD is significantly negatively related to physical discipline, with no other significant associations between diagnostic status and parenting outcomes. These findings add to an important growing literature examining the impact of cumulative trauma on parental functioning. Implications for future research and parenting interventions are discussed. (Author abstract)

Title: Long-Term Effects of Stressors on Relationship Well-Being and Parenting Among Rural African American Women.
Author(s): Murry, Velma M.;Harrell, Amanda W.;Brody, Gene H.;Chen, Yi-Fu.;Simons, Ronald L.;Black, Angela R.;Cutrona, Carolyn E.;Gibbons, Frederick X.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Family Relations
v. 57, 2, April 2008, 117-127
Available from: Wiley-Blackwell
www.wiley.com
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
Abstract: This investigation of the effects of stressful life events on rural African American women's relationship well-being, psychological functioning, and parenting included 361 married or long-term cohabiting women. Associations among stressful events, socioeconomic status, perceived racial discrimination, coping strategies, psychological functioning, relationship well-being, and parenting were tested. Stressful events were related directly to diminished relationship well-being and heightened psychological distress and indirectly to compromised parenting. The results can inform research and intervention with African American women. (Author abstract)

Title: Medicaid Managed Care for Children in Child Welfare.
Author(s): Allen, Kamala.
Published: 2008
Available from: Center for Health Care Strategies
http://www.chcs.org/
200 American Metro Blvd., Suite 119
Hamilton, NJ 08619
Printable version (PDF): http://www.chcs.org/usr_doc/CW_MC_Brief.pdf
Abstract: Children in the child welfare system have an extremely high prevalence of physical and behavioral health problems. This issue brief examines the complex physical and behavioral health care needs and associated costs for children in child welfare and outlines critical opportunities and challenges within Medicaid to better manage care for this high-risk, high-cost population. (Author abstract)

Title: Exploring the Moderating Influence of Delinquent Peers on the Link Between Trauma, Anger, and Violence Among Male Youth: Implications for Social Work Practice.
Author(s): Maschi, Tina.;Bradley, Carolyn.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal
v. 25, 2, April 2008, p. 125-138
Available from: Springer
http://www.springer.com/
233 Spring Street
New York, NY 10013
Abstract: This study?s objective was to explore the influence of delinquent peer exposure, on the relationship between male youths? histories of trauma, anger, and violent behavior. Using a nationally representative sample of male adolescents aged 12?17 and self report interviews, information was gathered on their levels of exposure to violence, stressful life events (SLE), anger, depression, delinquent peer exposure, and violent behavior. Results of a moderation analyses revealed that youth who reported higher levels of exposure to trauma, anger, and delinquent peers were at an increased risk for anger and for violent offending. Delinquent peer exposure exerted a significant interaction effect on the relationship between anger and violent offending. The implications for prevention and intervention efforts are delineated. (Author abstract)

Title: The Florida Child Welfare Behavior Analysis Services Program.
Author(s): Stoutimore, Michael R.;Williams, Catherine E.;Neff, Bryon.;Foster, Margie.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Research on Social Work Practice
OnlineFirst May 20, 2008,
Available from: Sage Publications
http://www.sagepub.com
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
Abstract: Abuse, neglect, or both often result in removing children from their homes and placing them in foster care. As a result of these experiences, many children learn unhealthy behaviors. These "behavioral challenges" often lead to a cycle of multiple placement disruptions and progressively more restrictive placements. The philosophy, science, and technologies of behavior analysis are well suited to address this cycle. The Florida Department of Children and Families Behavior Analysis Services Program (BASP) is a behavior analysis initiative, combining research with service provision, developing and implementing data-based practices. Since 2001, the BASP has operated through statewide contracts with behavior analysis programs at the University of Florida and the University of South Florida. The BASP employs board certified behavior analysts and offers promise for the continued development of best practices. This article provides a description on the foundations, development, and current status of the BASP. (Author abstract)

Title: Effects of Parental Monitoring, Permissiveness, and Injunctive Norms on Substance Use among Mexican and Mexican American Adolescents.
Author(s): Voisine, Sarah.;Parsai, Monica.;Marsiglia, Flavio F.;Kulis, Stephen.;Nieri, Tanya.
Published: 2008
Journal Name: Families in Society
v. 89, 2, April-June 2008, p. 264-274
Available from: Families in Society
http://www.familiesinsociety.org
11700 West Lake Park Drive
Milwaukee, WI 53224-3099
Abstract: The prevention literature has given little attention to how parental influences affect substance use among Mexican origin adolescents, even though they form part of the largest ethnic minority group in the United States. This study explored the effects of three types of parental influences?parental monitoring of the child?s whereabouts, degree of parental permissiveness, and the strength of parental injunctive norms discouraging substance use?on alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use and anti-drug norms. Results showed that parental permissiveness and parental injunctive norms, particularly anti-drug injunctive norms, had the strongest effects on the substance use outcomes, but parental monitoring generally was not a significant predictor. These results and implications for prevention are discussed in light of Mexican cultural norms toward substance use, gender roles, and family roles.

Title: Marketing Healthy Marriage Programs to Married Couples.
Published: 2008
Available from: National Healthy Marriage Resource Center
http://www.healthymarriageinfo.org
10530 Rosehaven Street
Suite 400
Fairfax, VA 22030-2840
Abstract: This fact sheet addresses the challenges facilitators face when trying to recruit participants into their healthy marriage programs. Topics to consider in developing a marketing strategy include identifying your population, marketing methods, crafting your message, cultural sensitivity, appealing to men, and sustaining interest.

Title: Building on the Promise: State Initiatives to Expand Access to Early Head Start for Young Children and their Families.
Author(s): Schumacher, Rachel.;DiLauro, Elizabeth.
Published: 2008
Available from: Center for Law and Social Policy
http://www.clasp.org
1015 15th Street NW, Suite 400
Washington, DC 20005
Printable version (PDF): http://www.clasp.org/publications/building_on_the_promise_ehs.pdf
Abstract: This report examines actions states have taken to enhance Early Head Start (EHS). Less than 3 percent of babies and toddlers who are eligible for EHS are reached at current federal funding levels. Twenty states use at least one of four main approaches: 1) Extending the day or year of existing EHS services, 2) Expanding the capacity of existing EHS and Head Start programs to increase the number of children and pregnant women served, 3) Providing resources and assistance to child care providers to help them deliver services meeting EHS standards, and 4) Supporting partnerships between EHS and center-based and family child care providers to improve the quality of care. The report also analyzes opportunities and challenges facing state policymakers and provides recommendations for state leaders interested in promoting better futures for at-risk children through building on Early Head Start. (Author abstract)

Title: Why People Marry : The Many Faces of an Institution.
Author(s): Eekelaar, John.
Published: 2007
Journal Name: Family Law Quarterly
v. 41, 3, Fall 2007, 413 (19 pages)
Available from: American Bar Association, Customer Service Center
http://www.abanet.org/
321 North Clark Street
Chicago, IL 60654-7598
Abstract: In 1971 the first-marriage rate in England and Wales was 82.3. In 1981 it was 51.7, and the figure dropped consistently until 2001, when it reached 25.5, and it has remained at around that level since then. Such a change, familiar in other western countries, has naturally caused some bewilderment, even alarm. People who are married, and remain married, can be shown, statistically, to enjoy better emotional and physical health, and to engage in less antisocial and criminal behavior, than nonmarried people. The construction of the decline of marriage as a problem because of its apparent adverse consequences may reflect hidden, or not-so-hidden, ideological assumptions about the desirability of marriage as an institution: or, put another way, assumptions that sexual relationships should only be developed within that institution. One might summarize the difference by saying that, whereas marriage used to be a socially prescribed context for the exercise of long-term sexual relationships and the raising of a family, the strength of that social prescription has declined to vanishing point. (Author abstract)

Title: The Decline of Formal Marriage: Inevitable or Reversible?
Author(s): Garrison, Marsha.
Published: 2007
Journal Name: Family Law Quarterly
v. 41, 3, Fall 2007, 491 (30 pages)
Available from: American Bar Association, Customer Service Center
http://www.abanet.org/
321 North Clark Street
Chicago, IL 60654-7598
Abstract: All over the industrialized world, marriage is in decline. Cohabitation, which has waxed as marriage has waned, is a much less stable relational form. In the US, half of all cohabiting relationships dissolve within eighteen months; in both North America and Europe, children born to cohabiting parents are two to four times more likely to experience their parents' separation than are children born to married parents. This paper critically examines current economic and cultural explanations for these phenomena. It then analyzes the public-policy implications of the available evidence. Formal marriage is associated with a range of benefits to adult partners and their children. Cross-national surveys show that marriage is associated with higher levels of subjective well-being throughout the industrialized and nonindustrialized world. Because the decline of marriage results from a number of different factors, policymakers face large difficulties in reversing the trend. These policy-making difficulties are magnified because the personal benefits of marriage are concentrated in long-term, harmonious marital relationships. (Author abstract)

Title: InfoSheet 12 : Key Messages for Healthy Fatherhood Discourse.
Published: 2007
Available from: Minnesota Fathers & Families Network
http://www.mnfathers.org
161 Saint Anthony Avenue, Suite 845
Saint Paul, MN 55103
Printable version (PDF): http://www.mnfathers.org/documents/InfoSheetHealthyDiscourse.pdf
Abstract: This InfoSheet describes key messages for a level of discourse that promotes healthy fatherhood by focusing on the broad picture of 1) child well-being, 2) gender equity, 3) men's development, and 4) community development. (Author abstract)

Title: Preliminary Evaluation of an Intervention Program for Maltreating Fathers.
Author(s): Scott, Katreena L.;Crooks, Claire V.
Published: 2007
Journal Name: Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention
v. 7, 3, August 2007, p. 224-238
Available from: Oxford Journals
http://www.oxfordjournals.org/
2001 Evans Road
Cary, NC 27513
Abstract: Caring Dads: Helping Fathers Value Their Children is a unique intervention program designed specifically for men who have maltreated their children and/or who have exposed their children to abuse of their mother. Over a 17-week period, this group targets change in the use of abusive parenting strategies, in attitudes and beliefs that support unhealthy parenting, and in men's appreciation of the impact of violence on children. Herein, we apply a comprehensive evaluation framework to the Caring Dads program. We present evidence that Caring Dads meets a need, has a sound theoretical basis, and can be implemented in a way that meets the needs of stakeholders. Data showing initial support for positive outcomes among fathers participating in Caring Dads are also presented. (Author abstract)

Title: Toddler's Months 19-36.
Published: 2007
Available from: Child Development Media
http://www.childdevmedia.com/
5632 Van Nuys Blvd., Suite 286
Van Nuys, CA 91401
Abstract: Toddler's Months 19-36 is organized around 4 major areas: Family Development, Family Health, Caring for Toddler, and Toddler Development. Included within each area are topics to be discussed on the home visit, samples of handouts for families, and additional resources. (Author abstract)

Title: Depression and the Psychological Benefits of Entering Marriage.
Author(s): Frech, Adrianne.;Williams, Kristi.
Published: 2007
Journal Name: Journal of Health and Social Behavior
v. 48, 2, June 2007, 149-163
Available from: American Sociological Association
http://www.asanet.org
1307 New York Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20005-4701
Printable version (PDF): http://www.asanet.org/galleries/default-file/june07jhsbfeature.pdf
Abstract: Past research has consistently documented the positive relationship between a transition to marriage and psychological well-being. In this study, we separatethe depressed from the nondepressed to assess whether the benefits marriage has for psychological well-being depend on premarital depression. We also examinewhether the effect of marital quality in moderating the psychological consequences of marriage differs for the depressed and the nondepressed. Results indicate that, on average, those who were depressed prior to marrying report larger psychological gains from marriage than those who were not depressed. The role of marital quality in moderating the effect of marriage on psychologicalwell-being is similar for previously depressed and previously nondepressed respondents. These findings call into question the assumption that marriage is always a good choice for all individuals. What appear to be strong average benefits of marriage are actually highly dependent on a range of individual, interpersonal,and structural characteristics. (Author abstract)

Title: Healthy Start of Oregon 2005-2006 Status Report Data Tables: Appendix A.
Published: 2007
Available from: NPC Research
http://www.npcresearch.com
4380 SW Macadam Avenue, Suite 530
Portland, OR 97239-6408
Printable version (PDF): http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Healthy_Start_Status_Report_Appendices_2005-06.pdf
Abstract: This appendix includes 36 data tables that present the FY 2005-06 outcomes of Healthy Start of Oregon, a program designed to offer all first-time parents a range of services appropriate to their needs, ranging from information and educational materials to longer-term, more intensive home visiting services that continue throughout the early childhood years. The data address: characteristics of screened participants; risk factors of screened families; health insurance and health care at screening; acceptance of intensive service; level of Healthy Start service; characteristics of intensive service families; health insurance and health care at screening of intensive service families; risk factors of intensive service families; retention rates by demographic characteristics; reasons for exiting program; immunizations; prenatal care for subsequent births; child growth and development; family outcomes and life events; promotion of positive parenting skills; school readiness; promotion of parent-child interaction; cultural competency and strength orientation of home visitors; ratings of home visitor helpfulness; and parent stress and income change. Data sources are identified and a glossary is provided.

Title: Teasing, Taunting, Bullying, Harassment, and Aggression: A School-Wide Approach to Prevention, Strategic Intervention, and Crisis Management. (Chapter 21 in Bullying, Victimization, and Peer Harassment: A Handbook of Prevention and Intervention.)
Author(s): Knoff, Howard M.;
Published: 2007
Available from: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
325 Chestnut Street
Suite 800
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Abstract: This chapter describes a primary prevention blueprint that involves more specific primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention elements to help schools organize comprehensive, ecologically based, and situationally sensitive approaches to school bullying. The Stop and Think Social Skills program is highlighted for teaching students prosocial skills, as well as the use of a Behavioral Matrix, special situational analyses to analyze and address both primary and secondary aspects of bullying circumstances, and the use of crisis management strategies for tertiary prevention. 1 table and 24 references.

Title: Self-Assessment Screener.
Published: 2007
Available from: National Family Caregivers Association
http://www.thefamilycaregiver.org/
10400 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 500
Kensington, MD 20895-3944
Document available online at: http://www.thefamilycaregiver.org/improving_caregiving/depression_screener.cfm
Abstract: Taking a depression-screening test is one of the quickest and easiest ways to determine whether you are experiencing symptoms of major depression. The National Family Caregivers Association provides a link to depression-screening.org, which was developed by the National Mental Health Association (now known as Mental Health America). The depression-screening test on this site is completely anonymous and confidential. (Author abstract modified)

Title: New Initiatives in Improving Youth and Family Outcomes by Importing Evidence-Based Practices.
Author(s): Schaeffer, Cindy M.;Saldana, Lisa.;Rowland, Melisa D.;Henggeler, Scott W.;Swenson, Cynthia Cupit.
Published: 2007
Journal Name: Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse
v. 17, 3, 2008, p. 27-45
Available from: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
325 Chestnut Street
Suite 800
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Abstract: This article describes three community-based research projects that are designed to enhance the effectiveness of real-world adolescent substance abuse treatment and prevention, and presents preliminary study results from each. The first project is examining statewide public sector practitioner interest in and implementation of contingency management in treating adolescent aubstance abuse. The second project is integrating the Community Reinforcement Approach for adults into Multisystemic Therapy (MST) programs for use with substance-abusing caregivers. The third project is integrating Reinforcement-Based Therapy for adults with MST for child abuse and neglect in the treatment of families with co-occurring child maltreatment and caregiver substance abuse. Each project highlights the complexity of using the evidence base in the treatment of substance abuse, and the potential to improve outcomes for challenging clinical populations in real world practice settings. (Author abstract)

Title: Promotion and Prevention in Mental Health: Strengthening Parenting and Enhancing Child Resilience. Report to Congress.
Published: 2007
Available from: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information
http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/
P.O. Box 2345
Rockville, MD 20847-2345
Printable version (PDF): http://download.ncadi.samhsa.gov/ken/pdf/SVP-0186.pdf
Abstract: The purpose of this report is to respond to requests made by the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services. The report begins by describing the public health context for the promotion of mental health and the prevention of mental disorders in children. It then describes opportunities for implementing evidence-based programs to reach families in need and summarizes the evidence base that shows that the programs do indeed strengthen the caretaking skills of parents and other caregivers and enhance child resilience. Next, it presents current knowledge about the economics of these programs, suggests how to reach families with interventions, and concludes with recommendations for further dissemination of these programs. (Author abstract)

Title: 'Scrubbing' the Inbox: A Constitutional Alternative to Child Protection Registries.
Author(s): Pool, David Logan.
Published: 2007
Available from: Berkeley Electronic Press
http://www.bepress.com/
2809 Telegraph Avenue, Suite 202
Berkeley, CA 94705
Document available online at: http://works.bepress.com/david_pool/1/
Abstract: After the judicial demise of the Communications Decency Act and Child Online Protection Act and the continued impotency of CAN-SPAM to curb unsolicited commercial email, children remain vulnerable to harmful, indecent content via their inbox. In a recent attempt to curtail such exposure, several States have created Child Protection Registries. In essence, the laws allow children to register their email addresses with the state. The state laws impose significant criminal and civil penalties on senders of indecent material who send such emails to registered minors. Because the States retain the list of protected emails, senders of potentially indecent emails must, prior to sending emails, submit email addresses to the State and pay the State to remove protected emails listed with the state registry. Such registries, however, pose a myriad of constitutional and practical concerns. By compiling a list of minors' emails, the States may be undermining minors' safety while exposing them to increased spam by potentially providing pedophiles and spammers with a verified list of emails. Additionally, given the inability to discern geography from a normal email address, such registries will hinder email as an open, cost-effective means of communication by requiring all indecent emails to first be submitted to States with registries. In addition to these practical concerns, the Supreme Court will likely strike down such statutes on First Amendment grounds as overbroad and not narrowly tailored to protecting minors. As a constitutional alternative to child protection registries, this article will propose the creation of a new email domain for minors and adults who do not wish to receive indecent material. The domain, such as @kids.ut.gov, would provide notice as to both geography and the recipient's status as a minor or non-consenting adult on the face of the email. Such a proposal by not creating an identifiable list of emails or limiting registration to only minors will address many of the practical concerns with current child protection registries. Also by providing easy notice of recipients' status on the face of the email, protected expression among adults will not be overburdened by asking that emailers simply not send indecent material to such domains, and hence, will survive strict scrutiny under the Supreme Court's First Amendment analysis. (Author abstract)

Title: The Role of Data Collection and Evaluation in Supporting Systems Change.
Published: 2007
Available from: Research and Training Center on Family Support and Children's Mental Health
http://www.rtc.pdx.edu/
PO Box 751

Portland, OR 97207-0751
Printable version (PDF): http://www.rtc.pdx.edu/PDF/dt140.pdf
Abstract: This paper presents a case study of one state's efforts to reform the mental health services offered within the child welfare system, focusing on the role that evaluation and research played in jumpstarting and guiding system change. The article highlights how it is important to bring in not only a new way of approaching care but also the resources and support needed to build implementation capacity. (Author abstract)

Title: In Sickness and In Health : Caring For Your Spouse.
Author(s): Antoniades, Christina Breda.
Published: 2007
Available from: Revolution Health
http://www.revolutionhealth.com/
P.O. Box 1615
Oldsmar, FL 34677-1615
Document available online at: http://www.revolutionhealth.com/healthy-living/caring/caregiver/family-friends/caring-spouse
Abstract: This article is directed toward the caregiver in a health challenged relationship. It provides advice for women in the caregiver role for their spouses.

Title: Adolescent Substance Abuse: New Frontiers in Assessment.
Author(s): Winters, Ken C.
Published: 2007
Available from: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
325 Chestnut Street
Suite 800
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Abstract: This text presents current research findings on the assessment, intervention, and treatment of alcohol and drug use behaviors in adolescents, using screening tools developed to accurately measure the extent and nature of the problem. Beginning chapters address how assessment can be used to identify treatment-oriented typologies in order to improve treatment matching; measuring community readiness for drug abuse prevention; and the psychometric data of a screening tools used for problem identification and referral in American Indian populations. The remaining three chapters address issues of the validity of assessment. The chapters discuss the concordance of urinalysis, parent-report, and self-report; the comparability of anonymous and confidential surveys in drug use surveys in Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the United States; and possible gender differences in measuring drug abuse and related problems. Numerous references.

Title: Targeting Bystanders: Evaluating a Violence Prevention Program for "Nonviolent" Adolescents. (Chapter 10 in Bullying, Victimization, and Peer Harassment: A Handbook of Prevention and Intervention.)
Author(s): Freeman, Harry S.;Mims, Grace A.;
Published: 2007
Available from: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
325 Chestnut Street
Suite 800
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Abstract: A study involving 358 students evaluated the effectiveness of the Get Real About Violence program, a high school violence prevention initiative that increases students' awareness of violence inside and outside of their school, discusses the role of the bystander, and explains how nonaction contributes to violence. Results indicate student participants were more likely to view adult responses favorably and to choose prosocial responses as a witness to violence than nonparticipants. 1 table, 4 figures, and 20 references.

Title: Correlates of School Victimization: Implications for Prevention and Intervention. (Chapter 19 in Bullying, Victimization, and Peer Harassment: A Handbook of Prevention and Intervention.)
Author(s): Card, Noel A.;Isaacs, Jenny.;Hodges, Ernest V.E.;
Published: 2007
Available from: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
325 Chestnut Street
Suite 800
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Abstract: Known concurrent and longitudinal correlates of victimization are summarized, especially those related to academic adjustment and the school context. Interactive process models are then reviewed that highlight how the strength of associations between certain correlates and victimization depend on other factors. Finally, implications are considered and recommendations for multilevel prevention and intervention are provided. 1 table and numerous references. (Author abstract modified)

Title: The Modern Mom's Guide to Dads : Ten Secrets Your Husband Won't Tell You.
Author(s): Hilling, Hogan.;Rutherford, Jesse Jayne.
Published: 2007
Available from: Cumberland House Publishing
http://www.CumberlandHouse.com
431 Harding Industrial Park Dr.

Nashville, TN 37211-3105
Abstract: This 'parenting relationship' book is based on the authors' experiences in leading more than 2,000 workshops with new and expectant dads to discuss parenting in a non-threatening environment. In it Hogan Hilling and Jesse Jayne Rutherford offer thoughtful insights into what makes dads behave the way they do. "The Modern Mom's Guide to Dads" draws on what Hilling has learned from working with dads and moms for more than fifteen years. He explains to modern moms what their husbands are really thinking about pregnancy, parenting, and marriage, and he teaches them how to get their husbands more involved with the kids and get some relaxation for themselves while keeping the peace in their marriages. (Author abstract)

Title: Baby's First Six Months.
Published: 2007
Available from: Child Development Media
http://www.childdevmedia.com/
5632 Van Nuys Blvd., Suite 286
Van Nuys, CA 91401
Abstract: Comprehensive curricula providing monthly guidance for home visitors and others working with newborns and their families. Includes content, prompts, and resources for enhancing maternal health and personal development during baby's first six months; infant health and development; and parent/child interaction. Includes one 89-page set of handouts. (Author abstract)

Title: The Difference A Dad Makes.
Published: 2007
Available from: Fatherhood Institute
www.fatherhoodinstitute.org
9 Nevill Street
Abergavenny NP7 5AA
Printable version (PDF): http://www.fatherhoodinstitute.org/index.php?id=3&cID=700
Abstract: This research summary largely focuses on the benefits that dads can bring to their children?s and their partner?s lives, as well as to the wider economy. (Author abstract)

Title: The Mental Health Professional's Role in Understanding, Preventing, and Responding to Student Sexual Harassment. (Chapter 17 in Bullying, Victimization, and Peer Harassment: A Handbook of Prevention and Intervention.)
Author(s): Young, Ellie L.;Mendez, Linda M. Raffaele.
Published: 2007
Available from: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
325 Chestnut Street
Suite 800
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Abstract: Sexual harassment is defined and examples are provided of sexual harassment in school settings. Information is then provided on the prevalence of sexual harassment at school, developmental issues that need to be considered before applying sexual harassment policies, and procedural and legal issues relating to sexual harassment. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies that mental health professionals can help implement are described. 34 references.

Title: The Recruit Assessment Program (RAP) Experience with Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Questions.
Author(s): Young, Sylvia Y. N.;Leard, Cynthia A.;Hansen, Christian J.;Chervak, Michelle C.;Hauret, Keith G.;Spooner, Christina.;Ryan, Margaret A. K.
Published: 2006
Available from: Defense Technical Information Center
http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/index.html
Fort Belvoir, VA
Printable version (PDF): http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA450579
Abstract: The Recruit Assessment Program (RAP) study was begun in June 2001 to assess the feasibility of collecting computerized comprehensive baseline health information from new recruits, including data on demographics, medical history, psychosocial history, substance abuse, and family history. Past evaluations of from the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study have found a relationship between such experiences and adverse adult health outcomes, including substance abuse, attempted suicide, and depression. Thus, the ACE questions were added to the RAP questionnaire in June 2002. Focus group experiences with ACE questions on the RAP instrument, completed by Marine Corps recruits in San Diego and Army recruits in Fort Jackson, revealed no specific concerns. In extensive post-focus group implementation of RAP (>100,000 questionnaires completed overall), ACE questions also appeared well accepted and completed without problems. Reliability metrics, overall, indicate that ACE questions were likely assessing what they were intended to assess among RAP respondents. Reasonably strong concordance was noted for internal reliability within the instrument. Test-retest results were robust, especially when the instrument was completed with only a short time interval between testing. Results from these, and other analyses, will be helpful to DoD policymakers considering the value of ACE questions in future military questionnaires. (Author abstract)

Title: Assessing Staff Competence at Implementing a Multifaceted Residential Program for Youth: Development and Initial Psychometrics of a Staff Obeservation Form.
Author(s): Hurley, Kristin Duppong.;Shaw, Tanya.;Thompson, Ron.;Griffith, Annette.;Farmer, Elizabeth M.;Tierney, Jeff.
Published: 2006
Journal Name: Residential treatment for children and youth : the official journal of the American Association of Children's Residential Centers.
v. 23, 3/4, p. 83-104
Available from: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
325 Chestnut Street
Suite 800
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Abstract: This study describes the development of the Staff Implementation Observation Form, an instrument to assess staff competence delivering an intervention to youth in group home care with behavioral or emotional disorders. This instrument assesses staff skill at implementing the key treatment components, including building relationships with youth, teaching skills to youth, implementing a token economy, and establishing a youth self-government system. The pilot study, observing 92 staff members, found that the instrument possesses promising psychometric qualities, including adequate inter-rater agreement, internal scale consistency, and predictive validity. A cluster analysis identified groups of staff that had low, average, and high implementation. The instrument allows administrators to examine item-level implementation of residential staff to identify specific training needs within each subscale. (Author abstract)

Title: InfoSheet 10 : What is a Good Father?
Author(s): Askeland, Kim.
Published: 2006
Available from: Minnesota Fathers & Families Network
http://www.mnfathers.org
161 Saint Anthony Avenue, Suite 845
Saint Paul, MN 55103
Printable version (PDF): http://www.mnfathers.org/documents/InfoSheetGenerativeFathering.pdf
Abstract: This InfoSheet attempts to define what a "good father" is in terms of generative fathering, which is a is a way of looking at the role of fatherhood through a lens of asset-based development with a presumption that most fathers want to help the next generation to live a better life.

Title: Helping Children and Adolescents Cope with Violence and Disasters: What Parents Can Do: For Parents of Children Exposed to Violence or Disaster.
Published: 2006
Available from: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/
Science Writing, Press, and Dissemination Branch
6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 8184, MSC 9663

Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
Document available online at: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/helping-children-and-adolescents-cope-with-violence-and-disasters/parents.cfm
Printable version (PDF): http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/helping-children-and-adolescents-cope-with-violence-and-disasters-what-parents-can-do/helping-children-and-adolescents-cope-with-violence-and-disasters-what-parents-can-do.pdf
Abstract: A booklet that describes what parents can do to help children and adolescents cope with violence and disasters.

Title: Top Ten Findings: Parenting Matters.
Published: 2006
Available from: Heritage Foundation
http://www.heritage.org
214 Massachusetts Ave., NE,
Washington, DC 20002
Document available online at: http://www.familyfacts.org/topten/topten_0607.cfm
Abstract: The following research findings on parenting are discussed: the amount of time a mother spends preparing her infant for child care matters; maternal sensitivity in mother-child interactions impacts a child's social development; how much a child is read to plays a role in his or her cognitive development; children who do well in school are more likely to report having mothers who are warm and supportive but also firm; cognitive stimulation provided by the parents influences a child's academic achievement; children under after-school adult supervision are less likely to engage in negative behaviors; parental support and monitoring affect the likelihood of alcohol use by adolescents; adolescents prefer their parents, over school and peers, as their source of sex education; and maternal employment in the first year impacts a child's socio-emotional development. Links to study citations are provided for each research finding.

Title: Bringing the Agendas Together: Partner and Child Abuse. (Chapter 11 in Preventing Violence: Research and Evidence-Based Intervention Strategies.)
Author(s): O'Leary, K. Daniel.;Woodin, Erica M.
Published: 2006
Available from: American Psychological Association
http://www.apa.org
750 1st St., NE
Washington, DC 20002
Abstract: This chapter explores why the fields of partner and child abuse have been so independent, evidence that exists that supports an integration of the domestic violence and child abuse fields, and the preventive implications of integrating the child and partner abuse fields. An integrated, multitargeted model of partner and child abuse prevention is provided. 1 figure and 65 references.

Title: Dad if You Only Knew ... : Eight Things Teens Want to Tell Their Fathers (But Don't).
Author(s): Weidmann, Josh.;Weidmann, James.
Published: 2005
Available from: The WaterBrook Multnomah Publishing Group
http://waterbrookmultnomah.com/
12265 Oracle Blvd. Suite 200
Colorado Springs, CO 80921
Abstract: Written from a Christian perspective, this book discusses the needs of adolescents and how fathers can meet those needs. Chapters are divided into eight critical needs: the need for fathers to tell their teenagers they love them; the need to show love through actions not just words; the need for fathers to provide friendship; the need for fathers to stay a hero; the need for fathers to listen; the need for fathers to be honest and share their stories; the need for fathers to coach and mentor their teenagers; and the need for fathers to help teenagers figure out who they are. The book closes with a chapter on the importance of fathers leading their children to Christ.

Title: Liberian Refugees: Cultural Considerations for Social Service Providers.
Author(s): Schmidt, Susan.
Published: 2005
Available from: Bridging Refugee Youth and Children's Services
http://www.brycs.org/
c/o U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops
3211 4th St., NE
Washington, DC 20017
Abstract: This brief describes the characteristics of Liberian refugees and offers practice recommendations for social service providers working with Liberian refugees. Information is provided on the development of Liberia and the impact of civil war, the prolonged refugee experience many Liberians have faced, and resettlement efforts in the United States. Characteristics of Liberian refugees and practice guidelines are then offered in the areas of physical and mental health, education, parenting, discipline, separated children, sexuality, and transition to adulthood. Additional resources are listed. 8 references.

Title: Infant Mental Health Programs: Experimenting With Innovative Models: One Center's Experience With New Program Funding.
Author(s): Bohr, Yvonne.
Published: 2005
Journal Name: Infant mental health journal
v. 26, 5, p. 407-422
Available from: York University
http://www.yorku.ca/
4700 Keele St.
Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3
Printable version (PDF): http://pages.uindy.edu/~rholigrocki/Downloads/Bohr%202005%20Infant%20Mental%20Health%20Programs%20IMHJ%2026(5)%20407-422.pdf
Abstract: This article describes one child and family treatment center's process of creating a long awaited, new infant/child early intervention program. An experimental service model is discussed in the context of the need for empirically validated assessment and intervention for very young clients in high risk families. Case examples and illustrations of service flow are provided. Some features of this program, such as the fact that it was set up for a seamless transition to a treatment research project, are highlighted. (Author abstract)

Title: Baby's Months 13-18.
Published: 2005
Available from: Child Development Media
http://www.childdevmedia.com/
5632 Van Nuys Blvd., Suite 286
Van Nuys, CA 91401
Abstract: This fourth curriculum in the Partners for a Healthy Baby series incorporates neurodevelopment research, infant mental health, and evidence-based best practices during later infancy. Practical applications of research are integrated throughout the curriculum in strategies families can use for promoting warm nurturing relationships, making changes toward healthier lifestyles, recognizing early warning signs of health and developmental problems, and supporting and enriching their child's development. The handouts summarize critical points on topics including supporting early language and literacy development, providing environments that support independent movement, choosing quality child care, providing appropriate guidance for young children, and the importance of routines for young children, dealing with temper tantrums and help visitors introduce topics that may otherwise be awkward to broach. (Author abstract)

Title: Principles For Engaging and Retaining Families in Services.
Published: 2005
Available from: Association for the Study and Development of Community
http://capacitybuilding.net/
438 N. Frederick Ave., Suite 315
Gaithersburg, MD 20877
Printable version (PDF): http://www.capacitybuilding.net/Promising%20Practices/E&R%20Report%202005.pdf
Abstract: This federally funded report discusses the findings of the Association for the Study and Development of Community (ASDC), on best practices for recruiting and retaining families in service programs. To identify best practices ASDC reviewed: studies of strategies used to increase attendance at initial appointments and treatment retention for children and families seeking mental health services; studies of effective recruitment and retention for parenting programs; and studies that examine social support networks in different cultures. ASDC also reviewed relevant websites for promising engagement and retention practices service organizations have found and promote. Interwoven with a literature review are descriptions of the practices created and implemented by Safe Start Demonstration sites to engage and retain families in their services. The following five categories of engagement and retention strategies that should be incorporated into any family and mental health service are then described: building relationships; leveraging existing supportive relations; designing and providing responsive and respectful services; using strategic and strengths-based marketing; and addressing and removing participation barriers. Practice strategies are provided for each category, along with key service principles. 18 references.

Title: Baby's Months 7-12.
Published: 2004
Available from: Child Development Media
http://www.childdevmedia.com/
5632 Van Nuys Blvd., Suite 286
Van Nuys, CA 91401
Abstract: This third curriculum in the Partners for a Healthy Baby series incorporates neurodevelopment research, infant mental health, and evidence-based best practices during infancy. Practical applications of research are integrated throughout the curriculum in strategies for supporting baby's development such as bonding and attachment, continuity of care, the effects of stress on the parents and infant, health and safety, mother's physical and emotional health, and ways to promote the baby's overall development through daily care routines, toys and books, and building a trusting relationship. The handouts offer practical guidance to families dealing with baby's stranger anxiety, increasing mobility, and desire for independence. (Author abstract)

Title: Before Baby Arrives.
Published: 2004
Available from: Child Development Media
http://www.childdevmedia.com/
5632 Van Nuys Blvd., Suite 286
Van Nuys, CA 91401
Abstract: Comprehensive curricula providing monthly guidance for home visitors and others working with pregnant women and their families. Translates the latest neuroscientific research into practical applications, and addresses family issues of prenatal health, baby's development, self-esteem and self-sufficiency, pregnancy concerns, career, preparations for baby's arrival. Includes one 92-page set of accompanying handouts. (Author abstract)

Title: Marital Status and Health : United States, 1999-2002.
Author(s): Schoenborn, Charlotte A.
Published: 2004
Journal Name: Advance Data
351, December 15, 2004, 1-33
Available from: National Center for Health Statistics
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/
3311 Toledo Road
Hyattsville, MD 20782
Printable version (PDF): http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad351.pdf
Abstract: Objective--This report presents prevalence estimates by marital status for selected health status and limitations, health conditions, and health risk behaviors among U.S. adults, using data from the 1999?2002 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS). Methods--Data for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population were collected using computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI). The household response rate for the NHIS was 88.7%. This report is based on a total of 127,545 interviews with sample adults aged 18 years and over, representing an overall response rate of 72.4% for the 4 years combined. Statistics were age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Marital status categories shown in this report are: married, widowed, divorced or separated, never married, and living with a partner.Results--Regardless of population subgroup (age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, education, income, or nativity) or health indictor (fair or poor health, limitations in activities, low back pain, headaches, serious psychological distress, smoking, or leisure-time physical inactivity), married adults were generally found to be healthier than adults in other marital status categories. Marital status differences in health were found in each of the three age groups studied (18-44years, 45-64years, and 65 years and over), but were most striking among adults aged 18-44 years. The one negative health indicator for which married adults had a higher prevalence was overweight or obesity. Married adults, particularly men, had high rates of overweight or obesity relative to adults in other marital status groups across most population subgroups studied. Never married adults were among the least likely to be overweight or obese. (Author abstract)

Title: Unique Development Needs of the Children of Adolescent Parents.
Published: 2003
Available from: Healthy Teen Network.
www.healthyteennetwork.com
509 2nd St. NE
Washington, DC 20002
Abstract: This resource guide addresses the unique developmental needs of children of adolescent parents, calls for provisions and comprehensive educational services that emphasize both life skills and academic achievement for teen parents and their children, and affirms that children of adolescent parents are at higher risk for numerous negative outcomes and need support systems to be implemented that attend to their needs. It begins with a list of seven value statements adopted by the Healthy Teen Network Board of Directors that have relevance for children of adolescent parents. Recommendations are then provided for assisting adolescent parents and their children. The recommendations address the following areas: awareness of the unique needs of pregnant and parenting adolescents and children, education, support systems, behaviors, and funding. Background information on the prevalence and concerns surrounding adolescent parents and their children is offered, and the impact of adolescent parenting on children is explained. 37 references.

Title: Resources for Measuring Services and Outcomes in Head Start Programs Serving Infants and Toddlers.
Author(s): Kisker, Ellen Eliason.;Boller, Kimberly.;Nagatoshi, Charles.;Sciarrino, Christine.;Jethwani, Vinita.;Zavitsky, Teresa.
Published: 2003
Available from: ACF Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation (OPRE)
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/
370 L'Enfant Promenade, S.W.
Washington, DC 20447
Printable version (PDF): http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/ehs/perf_measures/reports/resources_measuring/resources_for_measuring.pdf
Abstract: This document contains resources to help Head Start programs that serve pregnant women and families with infants and toddlers develop a performance measurement plan and carry out data collection that will support their continuous program improvement efforts. These performance measures activities should build upon existing screening and assessment activities required by the Head Start Program Performance Standards. This document discusses the importance and development of a comprehensive plan and presents profiles of instruments that may be useful to programs. Because we anticipate that it will be used under different circumstances for different purposes, we present the background information in a book format, and the entire document on a compact disk, to enable users to search for the sections and measures that apply to them. This format will also support the continued evolution of the document, which is intended to be a "living" document to which information on new instruments can be added, through which new tools and approaches can be shared, and in which other resources that individual programs find useful can be compiled. These materials will be most useful when used in consultation with an assessment expert. (Author abstract)

Title: Comunicandose con los Doctores: Una Guia para los Padres para Navegar el Sistema de Salud.
Author(s): Allshouse, Carolyn.
Published: 2003
Available from: PACER Center, Inc.
http://www.pacer.org/main/lpa.htm
8161 Normandale Blvd.
Bloomington, MN 55437
Abstract: Esta guía ofrece información para los padres hispanohablantes que desean ?navegar? el sistema de salud de los Estados Unidos. Ofrece recomendaciones para que los padres sepan escoger a un doctor adecuado y para que se comuniquen con él o ella de manera directa y cordial. También incluye una sección sobre la importancia del expediente médico, el personal de apoyo del doctor y otros formularios importantes.

Title: Can Child Deaths Be Prevented?: The Arizona Child Fatality Review Program Experience.
Author(s): Rimsza, Mary E.;Schackner, Robert A.;Bowen, Kathryn A.;Marshall, William.
Published: 2002
Journal Name: Pediatrics
v. 110, 1, July 2002, p. e11-e11
Available from: American Academy of Pediatrics
http://www.aap.org
141 Northwest Point Boulevard
Elk Grove, IL 60007-1098
Document available online at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/1/e11
Printable version (PDF): http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/110/1/e11.pdf
Abstract: Objective: To determine the causes and preventability of child deaths; to assess the accuracy of death certificate information; and to assess the number of child abuse deaths that are misdiagnosed as deaths attributable to natural or accidental causes. Methods: Analysis of deaths of children <18 years old that occurred between 1995-1999 using the data collected by the Arizona Child Fatality Review Program (ACFRP). Results: From 1995-1999, local multidisciplinary child fatality review teams (CFRTs) have reviewed 95% of all deaths of children <18 years old in Arizona. Each team has access to the child's death certificate, autopsy report, hospital records, child protective services records, law enforcement reports, and any other relevant documents that provide insight into the cause and preventability of a child's death. After reviewing these documents, the team determines the cause of death, its preventability, and the accuracy of the death certificate. The ACFRP defines a child's death as preventable if an individual or the community could reasonably have done something that would have changed the circumstances that led to the child's death. The ACFRP determined that 29% (1416/4806) of these deaths could have been prevented, and preventability increased with the age of the child. Only 5% (81/1781) of neonatal deaths were considered preventable, whereas the deaths of 38% of all children older than 28 days were considered preventable. By 9 years of age, the majority of child deaths (56%) were considered preventable. Deaths attributable to medical conditions were far less likely to be considered preventable than deaths attributable to unintentional injuries. Although 62% of all deaths in Arizona during the 5-year period were attributable to medical conditions, only 8% (253/2983) of these deaths were considered preventable. In contrast, 91% (852/934) of the deaths attributable to unintentional injuries were considered preventable. Motor vehicle crashes accounted for 634 of the deaths resulting from injuries, and drowning accounted for 187 deaths. Motor vehicle crashes were the leading cause of death for all children in Arizona over 1 year of age. Only 18% of child passengers and 3% of adolescent drivers who died were known to be appropriately restrained. The typical drowning victim was a young child who drowned in the family's backyard pool. Indeed, 70% (131/187) of the drowning victims were <5 years old, and 62% (81/131) of these children died in a backyard pool. Supervision of the child and pool fencing could have prevented 90% of these deaths. Most deaths attributable to medical conditions occurred in the first year of life. Prematurity was the most common medical condition (1036 deaths) followed by congenital anomalies (662 deaths) and infectious diseases (470 deaths). Some of the reasons why CFRTs believed a medical death was preventable included inadequate emergency medical services, poor continuity of care, and delay in seeking care because of lack of health insurance. There were 4 deaths resulting from infections that were vaccine-preventable. There were 263 deaths attributable to sudden infant death syndrome. Only 38 of these infants were found lying on their back; 35 were found lying on their side. The death rate from sudden infant death syndrome decreased from 1.1 per 1000 infants <1 year of age in 1995 to 0.5 in 1999. There were 33 deaths that the CFRTs concluded were attributable to unsafe sleeping arrangements that resulted in unintentional suffocation. From 1995-1999, 317 Arizona children died from gun shot wounds. Most of these deaths were homicides (175) or suicides (109). All suicide deaths occurred in children >9 years old, and 77% of these children were >14 years old. The typical suicide victim was male (83%) and used a gun (70%) to kill himself. After review by the CFRTs, it was determined that 5 of the 67 child abuse deaths were misdiagnosed as attributable to natural or accidental causes on the death certificate. In 3 of these 5 cases, the child was in a persistent vegetative state and died many years after the episode of child abuse. Although inaction or inappropriate action by Child Protective Services (CPS) is often thought to be the cause of child abuse deaths, the ACFRP determined that in 79% of child abuse deaths, there had been no previous CPS involvement with the child's family. Although 61% of child abuse deaths were considered to be preventable, much of the responsibility for preventing these deaths rests with community members (eg, relatives, neighbors) who were aware of the abuse but failed to report the family to CPS. The CFRTs, who had received training in the proper completion of death certificates, reported that the cause of death was incorrect on 13% of all death certificates and in 16 cases, the CFRTs disagreed with the medical examiner on the manner of death (eg, natural, accidental, undetermined). Because CFRTs have access to additional information that may not have been available to the physician who completes a child's death certificate, CFRTs may be able to more accurately determine the cause and manner of death than the physician who completed the death certificate. Conclusions: Arizona's child death rate is above the national average (82.16/100 000), but the ACFRP determined that many of these deaths could have been prevented by using known prevention strategies (eg, child safety restraints, pool fencing). Most child mortality data are based on death certificate information that often is incorrect and cannot be used to assess preventability. Although most states have child fatality review programs that review suspected child abuse deaths, <3% of all preventable deaths in Arizona were attributable to child abuse. If all child deaths in the United States were reviewed from a prevention/needs assessment perspective, targeted and data-driven recommendations for prevention could be developed for each community, and potentially 38% of all child deaths that occur after the first month of life could be prevented. The ACFRP is an excellent example of a statewide system with a public health focus. To assist other states in developing similar programs, national support is needed. The establishment of a public health focused federally funded national program would provide us with the opportunity to standardize data collection among states and better utilize this data at a national level. (Author abstract)

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